BPSC 131 Solved Assignment 2022-23

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BPSC 131 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL THEORY Solved Assignment 2022-23

Answer any five questions selecting at least two from each of the sections.

Your answers should be in about 500 words each.

Assignment - I

Answer the following in about 500 words each.

1. Write a note on politics as a political activity. 20

Politics (from Greek: Πολιτικά, politiká, 'affairs of the cities') is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that studies politics and government is referred to as political science. It may be used positively in the context of a "political solution" which is compromising and nonviolent,or descriptively as "the art or science of government", but also often carries a negative connotation.

The concept has been defined in various ways, and different approaches have fundamentally differing views on whether it should be used extensively or limitedly, empirically or normatively, and on whether conflict or co-operation is more essential to it. A variety of methods are deployed in politics, which include promoting one's own political views among people, negotiation with other political subjects, making laws, and exercising force, including warfare against adversaries. Politics is exercised on a wide range of social levels, from clans and tribes of traditional societies, through modern local governments, companies and institutions up to sovereign states, to the international level.

In modern nation states, people often form political parties to represent their ideas. Members of a party often agree to take the same position on many issues and agree to support the same changes to law and the same leaders. An election is usually a competition between different parties. A political system is a framework which defines acceptable political methods within a society. The history of political thought can be traced back to early antiquity, with seminal works such as Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Politics in the West, and Confucius's political manuscripts and Chanakya's Arthashastra in the East.

There are several ways in which approaching politics has been conceptualized. Extensive and limited Adrian Leftwich has differentiated views of politics based on how extensive or limited their perception of what accounts as 'political' is. The extensive view sees politics as present across the sphere of human social relations, while the limited view restricts it to certain contexts. For example, in a more restrictive way, politics may be viewed as primarily about governance, while a feminist perspective could argue that sites which have been viewed traditionally as non-political, should indeed be viewed as political as well. This latter position is encapsulated in the slogan "the personal is political," which disputes the distinction between private and public issues. Politics may also be defined by the use of power, as has been argued by Robert A. Dahl.Moralism and realism Some perspectives on politics view it empirically as an exercise of power, while others see it as a social function with a normative basis.

IGNOU BPSC 131 Solved Assignment 2022-23, BPSC 131 Solved Assignment 2022-23

This distinction has been called the difference between political moralism and political realism. For moralists, politics is closely linked to ethics, and is at its extreme in utopian thinking. For example, according to Hannah Arendt, the view of Aristotle was that "to be political…meant that everything was decided through words and persuasion and not through violence;"while according to Bernard Crick "politics is the way in which free societies are governed. Politics is politics and other forms of rule are something else."In contrast, for realists, represented by those such as Niccolò Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, and Harold Lasswell, politics is based on the use of power, irrespective of the ends being pursued. Conflict and co-operation Agonism argues that politics essentially comes down to conflict between conflicting interests. Political scientist Elmer Schattschneider argued that "at the root of all politics is the universal language of conflict,"[26] while for Carl Schmitt the essence of politics is the distinction of 'friend' from foe'.This is in direct contrast to the more co-operative views of politics by Aristotle and Crick.

2. Examine if political theory is dead. 20

Assignment - II

Answer the following questions in about 250 words each.

1. What are J.S. Mill’s notions of Liberty’? Explain. 10

2. Discuss equality of opportunity. 10

3. Elaborate upon justice as a term of synthesis. 10

Assignment - III

Answer the following questions in about 100 words each.

1. Theory of Natural Rights 6

2. Substantive democracy 6

3. Gender mainstreaming as a strategy 6

4. Libertarian theory of citizenship 6

5. Censorship

BPSC 131 Handwritten Assignment 2022-23

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Important Note - You may be aware that you need to submit your assignments before you can appear for the Term End Exams. Please remember to keep a copy of your completed assignment, just in case the one you submitted is lost in transit.

Submission Date :

· 31st March 2023 (if enrolled in the July 2022 Session)

· 30th Sept, 2023 (if enrolled in the January 2023 session).

IGNOU Instructions for the BPSC 131 Assignments

BPSC 131 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL THEORY Assignment 2022-23 Before attempting the assignment, please read the following instructions carefully.

1. Read the detailed instructions about the assignment given in the Handbook and Programme Guide.

2. Write your enrolment number, name, full address and date on the top right corner of the first page of your response sheet(s).

3. Write the course title, assignment number and the name of the study centre you are attached to in the centre of the first page of your response sheet(s).

4. Use only foolscap size paper for your response and tag all the pages carefully

5. Write the relevant question number with each answer.

6. You should write in your own handwriting.

GUIDELINES FOR IGNOU Assignments 2022-23

BPSC 131 Solved Assignment 2022-23 You will find it useful to keep the following points in mind:

1. Planning: Read the questions carefully. Go through the units on which they are based. Make some points regarding each question and then rearrange these in a logical order. And please write the answers in your own words. Do not reproduce passages from the units.

2. Organisation: Be a little more selective and analytic before drawing up a rough outline of your answer. In an essay-type question, give adequate attention to your introduction and conclusion. The introduction must offer your brief interpretation of the question and how you propose to develop it. The conclusion must summarise your response to the question. In the course of your answer, you may like to make references to other texts or critics as this will add some depth to your analysis.

3. Presentation: Once you are satisfied with your answers, you can write down the final version for submission, writing each answer neatly and underlining the points you wish to emphasize.

IGNOU Assignment Front Page

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