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Answer
any five questions selecting at least two from each of the sections.
Your answers should be in about 500 words
each.
SECTION -1
Answer
any two of the following questions
Q.1. What is phenomenology? Explain with reference to the contribution of Martin Heidegger.
Phenomenology is the study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the firstperson point of view. The central structure of an experience is its intentionality, its being directed toward something, as it is an experience of or about some object. An experience is directed toward an object by virtue of its content or meaning (which represents the object) together with appropriate enabling conditions. Phenomenology as a discipline is distinct from but related to other key disciplines in philosophy, such as ontology, epistemology, logic, and ethics.
Phenomenology has been practiced in various guises for centuries, but it came
into its own in the early 20th century in the works of Husserl, Heidegger,
Sartre, Merleau-Ponty and others. Phenomenological issues of intentionality,
consciousness, qualia, and first-person perspective have been prominent in
recent philosophy of mind.
The historical movement of
phenomenology is the philosophical tradition launched in the first half of the
20th century by Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Maurice Merleau-Ponty,
Jean-Paul Sartre, et al. In that movement, the discipline of phenomenology was
prized as the proper foundation of all philosophy—as opposed, say, to ethics or
metaphysics or epistemology.
The methods and characterization
of the discipline were widely debated by Husserl and his successors, and these
debates continue to the present day. (The definition of phenomenology offered
above will thus be debatable, for example, by Heideggerians, but it remains the
starting point in characterizing the discipline.)
Martin Heidegger was born in
Messkirch, Germany, on September 26, 1889. Messkirch was then a quiet,
conservative, religious rural town, and as such was a formative influence on
Heidegger and his philosophical thought. In 1909 he spent two weeks in the
Jesuit order before leaving (probably on health grounds) to study theology at
the University of Freiburg. In 1911 he switched subjects, to philosophy. He
began teaching at Freiburg in 1915. In 1917 he married Elfride Petri, with whom
he had two sons (Jörg and Hermann) and from whom he never parted (although his
affair with the philosopher Hannah Arendt, his student at Marburg in the 1920s,
is well-known). Heidegger's philosophical development began when he read
Brentano and Aristotle, plus the latter's medieval scholastic interpreters.
Indeed, Aristotle's demand in the Metaphysics to know what it is that unites all possible modes of Being (or ‘is-ness’) is, in many ways, the question that ignites and drives Heidegger's philosophy. From this platform he proceeded to engage deeply with Kant, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and, perhaps most importantly of all for his subsequent thinking in the 1920s, two further figures: Dilthey (whose stress on the role of interpretation and history in the study of human activity profoundly influenced Heidegger) and Husserl (whose understanding of phenomenology as a science of essences he was destined to reject).
In 1915 Husserl took up a post at
Freiburg and in 1919 Heidegger became his assistant. Heidegger spent a period
(of reputedly brilliant) teaching at the University of Marburg (1923–1928), but
then returned to Freiburg to take up the chair vacated by Husserl on his
retirement. Out of such influences, explorations, and critical engagements,
Heidegger's magnum opus, Being and Time (Sein und Zeit) was born. Although
Heidegger's academic and intellectual relationship with his Freiburg
predecessor was complicated and occasionally strained (see Crowell 2005), Being
and Time was dedicated to Husserl, “in friendship and admiration”.
Q2. What is positivism? Discuss Giddens’s critique of positivism.
Positivism is a philosophy that emphasizes the use of
scientific methods, particularly the scientific method, to study and understand
social phenomena. It is based on the belief that knowledge of the natural world
can be obtained through observation and experimentation, and that this
knowledge can be applied to the social world. Positivists argue that social
phenomena can be studied in the same way as natural phenomena, and that social
laws can be discovered through the collection and analysis of empirical data.
Giddens’s critique of positivism is that it is reductionist
and fails to take into account the complexity and subjectivity of social
phenomena. Giddens argues that positivism reduces social phenomena to
observable facts and ignores the subjective experiences and meanings that
individuals attach to those facts. He also points out that positivism is based
on a separation of fact and value, and it does not take into account the
value-laden nature of social science research. Giddens claims that positivism is
not able to fully understand the social world and that it is necessary to take
into account the perspectives of the individuals involved in the social
phenomenon under study.
In addition, Giddens argues that positivism is unable to
account for the structural features of social action and that it is unable to
account for the active role of individuals in shaping their own lives and
social structures. He claims that Positivism's "image of society" is
mechanical, and it is unable to account for the agency of human beings and how
they act and interact in social structures. He maintains that social structures
are created and maintained by human actions, and they are not fixed or predetermined.
In summary, Giddens's critique of positivism is that it is
too narrow and reductionist, and it is unable to account for the complexity,
subjectivity, and agency of social phenomena.
Q3. Explain the comparative method. Discuss its scope in social science research.
The comparative method is a research approach used in the
social sciences to compare and contrast different cases in order to identify
patterns, similarities, and differences. The comparative method can be used to
study different countries, regions, cultures, or historical periods. The goal
of the comparative method is to identify general patterns or principles that
are applicable across different cases, rather than making generalizations based
on a single case.
The comparative method is used in a variety of social science
disciplines, including sociology, political science, anthropology, and history.
It can be used to study a wide range of social phenomena, including political
systems, economic systems, social movements, cultural practices, and historical
events.
The comparative method has several advantages in social
science research. It allows researchers to identify patterns and
generalizations that would not be apparent from a single case study. It also
allows researchers to test hypotheses about the causes of social phenomena by
comparing different cases. Additionally, the comparative method can be used to
identify the unique features of a particular case and to understand how
different cases differ from one another.
The comparative method also has its limitations. One
limitation is that it can be difficult to find cases that are truly comparable.
Another limitation is that comparative research can be time-consuming and
resource-intensive. Additionally, it can be difficult to control for all the
relevant factors that might affect the outcomes being studied.
In summary, the comparative method is a widely used research approach in the social sciences. It allows researchers to identify patterns and generalizations across different cases and to test hypotheses about social phenomena. It is useful for understanding the unique features of a particular case and how it differs from other cases. However, it also has limitations, including the difficulty of finding truly comparable cases and controlling for all relevant factors.
Q4. Discuss the participatory approach to social research. Compare and contrast it with conventional research methodology.
Q5. Critically examine the nature and scope of feminist method in social science research.
Section-B
Write
a research report on any one of the following topics in about 3000 words.
Q1. Change in family structure and familial relations in India.
The traditional Indian family Any
generalizations about the Indian family suffer from oversimplification, given
the pluralistic nature of the Indian culture. However, in most sociological
studies, Asian and Indian families are considered classically as large,
patriarchal, collectivistic, joint families, harboring three or more
generations vertically and kith and kin horizontally. Such traditional families
form the oldest social institution that has survived through ages and functions
as a dominant influence in the life of its individual members. Indian joint
families are considered to be strong, stable, close, resilient and enduring
with focus on family integrity, family loyalty, and family unity at expense of
individuality, freedom of choice, privacy and personal space.
Structurally, the Indian joint
family includes three to four living generations, including grandparents,
parents, uncles, aunts, nieces and nephews, all living together in the same
household, utilizing a common kitchen and often spending from a common purse,
contributed by all. Change in such family structure is slow, and loss of family
units after the demise of elderly parents is counterbalanced by new members
entering the family as children, and new members (wives) entering by
matrimonial alliances, and their offsprings. The daughters of the family would
leave following marriage.
Functionally, majority of joint
families adhere to a patriarchal ideology, follow the patrilineal rule of
descent, and are patrilocal; although matrilocal and matriarchal families are
quite prevalent in some southern parts of the country. The lines of hierarchy
and authority are clearly drawn, with each hierarchical strata functioning
within the principal of “collective responsibility”. Rules of conduct are aimed
at creating and maintaining family harmony and for greater readiness to
cooperate with family members on decisions affecting almost all aspects of
life, including career choice, mate selection, and marriage. While women are
expected to accept a position subservient to males, and to subordinate their
personal preferences to the needs of other, males are expected to accept
responsibility for meeting the needs of others.
MSO 002 Research Methodologies and Methods Solved Assignment 2022-23 , MSO 002 Solved Assignment 2022-23 ,
The earning males are expected to
support the old; take care of widows, never-married adults and the disabled;
assist members during periods of unemployment and illness; and provide security
to women and children. Psychologically, family members feel an intense
emotional interdependence, empathy, closeness, and loyalty to each other.
The changing Indian family The
socio-cultural milieu of India is undergoing change at a tremendous pace,
leaving fundamental alterations in family structure in its wake. The last
decade has not only witnessed rapid and chaotic changes in social, economic,
political, religious and occupational spheres; but also saw familial changes in
power distribution, marital norms and role of women. A review of the national
census data and the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data suggests that,
gradually, nuclear families are becoming the predominant form of Indian family
institution, at least in urban areas.
Q2.
Significance of open and distance learning in democratization of education.
Q3.
Relevance of quantitative method of analysis in sociological research
MSO 002
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you need to submit your assignments before you can appear for the Term End
Exams. Please remember to keep a copy of your completed assignment, just in
case the one you submitted is lost in transit.
Submission Date :
·
31st March
2023 (if enrolled in the July 2022 Session)
·
30th Sept,
2023 (if enrolled in the January 2023 session).
IGNOU Instructions for
the MSO 002 Assignments
MSO 002 RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES AND METHODS Assignment 2022-23 Before attempting the
assignment, please read the following instructions carefully.
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of your answer, you may like to make references to other texts or critics as
this will add some depth to your analysis.
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