Trace the development of the concept of citizenship
Trace the development of the concept of citizenship , Citizenship,
relationship between a private and a state to which the individual owes
allegiance and successively is entitled to its protection. Citizenship implies
the status of freedom with accompanying responsibilities. Citizens have certain
rights, duties, and responsibilities that are denied or only partially extended
to aliens and other noncitizens residing during a country. generally , full
political rights, including the proper to vote and to carry position , are
predicated upon citizenship. the standard responsibilities of citizenship are
allegiance, taxation, and military service.
Citizenship is that the most privileged sort of nationality.
This broader term denotes various relations between a private and a state that
don't necessarily confer political rights but do imply other privileges,
particularly protection abroad. it's the term utilized in law of nations to
denote all persons whom a state is entitled to guard . Nationality also serves
to denote the connection to a state of entities aside from individuals;
corporations, ships, and aircraft, for instance , possess a nationality.
The concept of citizenship first arose in towns and
city-states of ancient Greece, where it generally applied to property owners
but to not women, slaves, or the poorer members of the community. Trace the
development of the concept of citizenship - A citizen during a Greek city-state
was entitled to vote and was susceptible to taxation and military service. The
Romans first used citizenship as a tool to differentiate the residents of the
town of Rome from those peoples whose territories Rome had conquered and
incorporated. As their empire continued to grow, the Romans granted citizenship
to their allies throughout Italy proper then to peoples in other Roman
provinces, until in 212 CE citizenship was extended to all or any free
inhabitants of the empire. Roman citizenship conferred important legal
privileges within the empire.
The concept of national citizenship virtually disappeared in
Europe during the center Ages, replaced because it was by a system of feudal
rights and obligations. Trace the development of the concept of citizenship within
the late Middle Ages and therefore the Renaissance, the holding of citizenship
in various cities and towns of Italy and Germany became a guarantee of immunity
for merchants and other privileged persons from the claims and prerogatives of
feudal overlords. Modern concepts of citizenship crystallized within the 18th
century during the American and French Revolutions, when the term citizen came
to suggest the possession of certain liberties within the face of the coercive
powers of absolutist monarchs.
In England the term citizen originally mentioned membership
of a borough or local municipal corporation, while the word subject was wont to
emphasize the individual’s subordinate position relative to the monarch or
state. The word subject remains utilized in preference to citizen in British
common-law usage and nationality legislation, but the 2 terms are virtually
equivalent, since British constitutional monarchy is now a ceremonial one that
has lost its former political powers over its subjects.
The principal grounds for acquiring citizenship are birth
within a particular territory, descent from a citizen parent, marriage to a
citizen, and naturalization. There are two main systems wont to determine
citizenship as of the time of birth: legal principle , whereby citizenship is
acquired by birth within the territory of the state, no matter parental
citizenship; and legal principle , whereby an individual , wherever born, may
be a citizen of the state if, at the time of his or her birth, his or her
parent is one. The us and therefore the countries of British Commonwealth adopt
the legal principle as their basic principle; they also recognize acquisition
of nationality by descent but subject it to strict limitations. Other countries
generally adopt the legal principle as their fundamentals , Trace the
development of the concept of citizenship supplementing it by provisions for
acquisition of citizenship just in case of combination of birth and domicile
within the country, birth within the country of oldsters born there, and so on.
The provisions of nationality laws that overlap often end in dual nationality;
an individual could also be a citizen of two countries. Alternatively, the
shortage of uniform rules on citizenship acquisition and loss have sometimes
produced lack of citizenship.
The acquisition of citizenship by a lady through marriage to
a citizen was the prevailing principle in times until after war I. Under this
technique , the wife and youngsters shared the nationality status of the
husband and father as head of the family. From the 1920s, under the impact of
women’s suffrage and concepts about the equality of men and ladies , a
replacement system developed during which a woman’s nationality wasn't suffering
from marriage. The resulting mixed-nationality marriages sometimes create
complications, particularly in reference to the nationality status of the
youngsters , and accordingly various mixed systems are devised, all stressing
the woman’s and child’s freedom of choice.
History of citizenship describes the changing relation
between a private and therefore the state, commonly referred to as citizenship.
Citizenship is usually identified not as a facet of Eastern civilization but of
Western culture . Trace the development of the concept of citizenship there's a
general view that citizenship in past was an easier relation than modern sorts
of citizenship, although this view has been challenged.
While there's disagreement about when the relation of
citizenship began, many thinkers point to the first city-states of ancient
Greece, possibly as a reaction to the fear of slavery, although others see it
as primarily a contemporary phenomenon dating back only a couple of hundred
years. In Roman times, citizenship began to require on more of the character of
a relationship supported law, with less political participation than in ancient
Greece but a widening sphere of who was considered to be a citizen. Trace the
development of the concept of citizenship within the Middle Ages in Europe,
citizenship was primarily identified with commercial and secular life within the
growing cities, and it came to be seen as membership in emerging nation-states.
In modern democracies, citizenship has contrasting senses, including a
liberal-individualist view emphasizing needs and entitlements and legal
protections for essentially passive political beings, and a civic-republican
view emphasizing political participation and seeing citizenship as a lively
relation with specific privileges and obligations.
While citizenship has varied considerably throughout history,
there are some common elements of citizenship over time. Citizenship bonds
extend beyond basic kinship ties to unite people of various genetic
backgrounds, that is, citizenship is quite a clan or extended kinship network.
It generally describes the relation between an individual and an overall
political entity like a city-state or nation and signifies membership therein
body. it's often supported , or a function of, some sort of military service or
expectation of future military service. Trace the development of the concept of
citizenship it's generally characterized by some sort of political
participation, although the extent of such participation can vary considerably
from minimal duties like voting to active service in government. And
citizenship, throughout history, has often been seen as a perfect state,
closely allied with freedom, a crucial status with legal aspects including
rights, and it's sometimes been seen as a bundle of rights or a right to
possess rights.[3] Last, citizenship nearly always has had a component of
exclusion, within the sense that citizenship derives meaning, in part, by
excluding non-citizens from basic rights and privileges.
0 comments:
Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.