IGNOU BPCC 101 Important Questions With Answers English Medium
IGNOU BPCC 101 Important Questions With Answers English Medium-BPCC 101 Introduction to Psychology is a course offered by
Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) that provides a comprehensive
overview of the field of psychology.
Course Structure:
- Block-1 Introduction to Psychology
- Block-2 Perception
- Block-3 Thinking and Language
- Block-4 Learning and Memory
- Block-5 Motivation and Emotion
Q.1
Define depth preception. Explain the various monocular and binocular cues used
to judge depth and distance.
IGNOU BPCC 101 Important Questions With Answers English Medium-Depth perception is the ability to perceive the world in
three dimensions, allowing individuals to accurately judge the distances between
objects and their relative positions in space. This perceptual skill is
essential for navigating the environment, interacting with objects, and
estimating spatial relationships. Depth perception relies on a combination of
sensory information and cognitive processes, integrating visual cues from both
monocular and binocular sources to construct a coherent representation of depth
and distance.
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Monocular cues are visual cues that can be perceived with one
eye alone and provide information about depth and distance. These cues are
particularly useful when viewing objects at a distance or when only one eye is
available for observation. One of the most fundamental monocular cues is
relative size, which involves comparing the apparent sizes of objects to estimate
their distance. Objects that appear smaller are typically perceived as farther
away, while larger objects are interpreted as being closer. For example, a
distant tree may appear smaller than a nearby house, even though they are both
of similar actual size.
IGNOU BPCC 101 Important Questions With Answers English Medium-Another important monocular cue is known as interposition, or
overlap, which occurs when one object partially obscures another. The partially
obscured object is perceived as being farther away, while the object in the
foreground is perceived as closer. This cue helps to establish the relative
positions of objects in space and provides information about their spatial
relationships. For instance, if a person is standing in front of a car, the
person is perceived as being closer because they partially obstruct the view of
the car.
Texture gradient is another monocular cue used to judge depth
and distance. Objects with fine, detailed textures are perceived as being
closer, while objects with less detailed textures are interpreted as being
farther away. This cue relies on the observation that textures become less
distinct and more densely packed as distance increases. For example, a field of
grass may appear more detailed and distinct up close, while the same field may
appear smoother and less detailed in the distance.
Linear perspective is a monocular cue based on the
convergence of parallel lines that recede into the distance. As parallel lines
move farther away from the viewer, they appear to converge or meet at a point
on the horizon known as the vanishing point. This convergence creates a sense
of depth and distance, with objects appearing smaller as they move further away
from the viewer. Linear perspective is commonly observed in architectural
drawings, where buildings and streets appear to converge towards a distant
point on the horizon.
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Shading and lighting cues also play a significant role in
depth perception. Changes in lighting and shadows create depth by highlighting
the contours and shapes of objects. Highlights and shadows cast by light
sources provide information about the relative positions of objects in space,
with brighter areas typically perceived as closer and darker areas perceived as
farther away. By observing variations in shading and lighting, individuals can
infer the three-dimensional shapes of objects and their spatial relationships.
Motion parallax is a monocular cue that relies on the
relative motion of objects as the observer moves through the environment.
Objects that are closer to the observer appear to move faster across the visual
field, while objects that are farther away appear to move more slowly. This
differential motion provides information about the relative distances of
objects and their positions in space. For example, when driving in a car,
objects close to the road, such as road signs and trees, appear to move rapidly
past the window, while objects in the distance, such as mountains, appear to
move more slowly.
Accommodation is a monocular cue related to the adjustments
made by the lens of the eye to focus on objects at different distances. When
viewing objects up close, the lens of the eye contracts to increase its
curvature and focus the image on the retina. Conversely, when viewing distant
objects, the lens flattens to reduce its curvature and focus the image on the
retina. This accommodation reflex provides information about the distance of
objects and helps to maintain clear and sharp vision across various distances.
IGNOU BPCC 101 Important Questions With Answers English Medium-Binocular cues are visual cues that rely on the input from
both eyes to perceive depth and distance. These cues take advantage of the
slight differences in the images projected onto each retina, known as binocular
disparity, to create a sense of depth. One of the most prominent binocular cues
is stereopsis, which refers to the perception of depth based on the disparity
between the images projected onto each retina. The brain integrates these
slightly different images to create a three-dimensional representation of the
environment, with objects appearing closer or farther away based on their
relative disparities.
Convergence is another important binocular cue that involves
the inward movement of the eyes to focus on nearby objects. As objects move
closer to the viewer, the eyes must converge or turn inward to maintain
binocular alignment and focus the images on corresponding points on the
retinas. The degree of convergence required provides information about the
distance of objects, with greater convergence indicating closer objects and
lesser convergence indicating farther objects. This cue is particularly useful
for judging the distance of objects within arm's reach or near the point of
focus.
IGNOU BPCC 101 Important Questions With Answers English Medium-Binocular cues, such as stereopsis and convergence, provide precise and accurate information about depth and distance, especially for objects located within close proximity to the observer. However, monocular cues, such as relative size, interposition, texture gradient, linear perspective, shading and lighting, motion parallax, and accommodation, also play important roles in depth perception, particularly for objects located at greater distances or when only one eye is available for observation.
By integrating information from both monocular and binocular cues, individuals can perceive the world in three dimensions, accurately judge distances, and navigate the environment with ease.
Q.2
Role of sensation . and attention in perception
Q.3
Explain' the steps· involved in · the process of decision-making. Discuss the .cognitive errors in decision-making.
Q.4
DisCU$S any two models of memory.
Q.5
Explain the theory of consequence based learning with an overview of the
schedules of reinforcement. .
Q.6
Differentiate between monocular and binocular cues of perception.
Q.7
What are the different applications of psychology?
Q.8
Is perception always correct? Support your view with some appropriate examples
of illusions.
Q.9 Explain the size-distance invariance hypothesis, familiar size hypothesis and the direct perception hypothesis with reference to the process of size perception.
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Q.10 Discuss the role of mental imagery, concept, and proposition in the process of thinking briefly.
Q.11
Q.12
What do you understand by creativity? Discuss how divergent and convergent
thinking plays important roles in creativity.
Q.13
What do you mean by ‘mental set’? Critically discuss its role in the process of
problem-solving.
Q.14
What is forgetting? Explain the theory of interference in the context of
forgetting
Q.15
Differentiate between autobiographical memory and false memory.
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