IGNOU BPCC 101 Important Questions With Answers English Medium

IGNOU BPCC 101 Important Questions With Answers English Medium

IGNOU BPCC 101 Important Questions With Answers English Medium-BPCC 101 Introduction to Psychology is a course offered by Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) that provides a comprehensive overview of the field of psychology.

IGNOU BPCC 101 Important Questions With Answers English Medium

Course Structure:

  • Block-1 Introduction to Psychology
  • Block-2 Perception
  • Block-3 Thinking and Language
  • Block-4 Learning and Memory
  • Block-5 Motivation and Emotion

Q.1 Define depth preception. Explain the various monocular and binocular cues used to judge depth and distance.

IGNOU BPCC 101 Important Questions With Answers English Medium-Depth perception is the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions, allowing individuals to accurately judge the distances between objects and their relative positions in space. This perceptual skill is essential for navigating the environment, interacting with objects, and estimating spatial relationships. Depth perception relies on a combination of sensory information and cognitive processes, integrating visual cues from both monocular and binocular sources to construct a coherent representation of depth and distance.

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Monocular cues are visual cues that can be perceived with one eye alone and provide information about depth and distance. These cues are particularly useful when viewing objects at a distance or when only one eye is available for observation. One of the most fundamental monocular cues is relative size, which involves comparing the apparent sizes of objects to estimate their distance. Objects that appear smaller are typically perceived as farther away, while larger objects are interpreted as being closer. For example, a distant tree may appear smaller than a nearby house, even though they are both of similar actual size.

IGNOU BPCC 101 Important Questions With Answers English Medium-Another important monocular cue is known as interposition, or overlap, which occurs when one object partially obscures another. The partially obscured object is perceived as being farther away, while the object in the foreground is perceived as closer. This cue helps to establish the relative positions of objects in space and provides information about their spatial relationships. For instance, if a person is standing in front of a car, the person is perceived as being closer because they partially obstruct the view of the car.

Texture gradient is another monocular cue used to judge depth and distance. Objects with fine, detailed textures are perceived as being closer, while objects with less detailed textures are interpreted as being farther away. This cue relies on the observation that textures become less distinct and more densely packed as distance increases. For example, a field of grass may appear more detailed and distinct up close, while the same field may appear smoother and less detailed in the distance.

Linear perspective is a monocular cue based on the convergence of parallel lines that recede into the distance. As parallel lines move farther away from the viewer, they appear to converge or meet at a point on the horizon known as the vanishing point. This convergence creates a sense of depth and distance, with objects appearing smaller as they move further away from the viewer. Linear perspective is commonly observed in architectural drawings, where buildings and streets appear to converge towards a distant point on the horizon.

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Shading and lighting cues also play a significant role in depth perception. Changes in lighting and shadows create depth by highlighting the contours and shapes of objects. Highlights and shadows cast by light sources provide information about the relative positions of objects in space, with brighter areas typically perceived as closer and darker areas perceived as farther away. By observing variations in shading and lighting, individuals can infer the three-dimensional shapes of objects and their spatial relationships.

Motion parallax is a monocular cue that relies on the relative motion of objects as the observer moves through the environment. Objects that are closer to the observer appear to move faster across the visual field, while objects that are farther away appear to move more slowly. This differential motion provides information about the relative distances of objects and their positions in space. For example, when driving in a car, objects close to the road, such as road signs and trees, appear to move rapidly past the window, while objects in the distance, such as mountains, appear to move more slowly.

Accommodation is a monocular cue related to the adjustments made by the lens of the eye to focus on objects at different distances. When viewing objects up close, the lens of the eye contracts to increase its curvature and focus the image on the retina. Conversely, when viewing distant objects, the lens flattens to reduce its curvature and focus the image on the retina. This accommodation reflex provides information about the distance of objects and helps to maintain clear and sharp vision across various distances.

IGNOU BPCC 101 Important Questions With Answers English Medium-Binocular cues are visual cues that rely on the input from both eyes to perceive depth and distance. These cues take advantage of the slight differences in the images projected onto each retina, known as binocular disparity, to create a sense of depth. One of the most prominent binocular cues is stereopsis, which refers to the perception of depth based on the disparity between the images projected onto each retina. The brain integrates these slightly different images to create a three-dimensional representation of the environment, with objects appearing closer or farther away based on their relative disparities.

Convergence is another important binocular cue that involves the inward movement of the eyes to focus on nearby objects. As objects move closer to the viewer, the eyes must converge or turn inward to maintain binocular alignment and focus the images on corresponding points on the retinas. The degree of convergence required provides information about the distance of objects, with greater convergence indicating closer objects and lesser convergence indicating farther objects. This cue is particularly useful for judging the distance of objects within arm's reach or near the point of focus.

IGNOU BPCC 101 Important Questions With Answers English Medium-Binocular cues, such as stereopsis and convergence, provide precise and accurate information about depth and distance, especially for objects located within close proximity to the observer. However, monocular cues, such as relative size, interposition, texture gradient, linear perspective, shading and lighting, motion parallax, and accommodation, also play important roles in depth perception, particularly for objects located at greater distances or when only one eye is available for observation. 

By integrating information from both monocular and binocular cues, individuals can perceive the world in three dimensions, accurately judge distances, and navigate the environment with ease.

Q.2 Role of sensation . and attention in perception

Q.3 Explain' the steps· involved in · the process of decision-making. Discuss  the .cognitive errors in  decision-making.

Q.4 DisCU$S any two models of memory.

Q.5 Explain the theory of consequence based learning with an overview of the schedules of reinforcement. .

Q.6 Differentiate between monocular and binocular cues of perception.

Q.7 What are the different applications of psychology?

Q.8 Is perception always correct? Support your view with some appropriate examples of illusions.

Q.9 Explain the size-distance invariance hypothesis, familiar size hypothesis and the direct perception hypothesis with reference to the process of size perception.     

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Q.10 Discuss the role of mental imagery, concept, and proposition in the process of thinking briefly.

Q.11Write a note on the nature and types of memory

Q.12 What do you understand by creativity? Discuss how divergent and convergent thinking plays important roles in creativity.

Q.13 What do you mean by ‘mental set’? Critically discuss its role in the process of problem-solving.

Q.14 What is forgetting? Explain the theory of interference in the context of forgetting

Q.15 Differentiate between autobiographical memory and false memory.

 

 

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