IGNOU MPYE 002 Important Questions With Answers English Medium
MPYE-002 is an ethics course
offered by Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU). It is a compulsory
course for students enrolled in the Master of Arts (MA) in Philosophy program.
Course Structure
Block 1: Introduction to Ethics
· Moral theories
· Metaethics
Block 2: Ethical Foundations
· Indian ethical traditions
· Contemporary ethical theories
Block 3: Applied Ethics
· Environmental ethics
· Bioethics
· Medical ethics
Block 4: Current Ethical Debates
· Abortion
· Genetic engineering
· Artificial intelligence
Q.1 Define morality. How does conscience play specific role in
the development of morality ?
Morality, a nuanced and intricate concept, delineates the principles and values guiding human behavior in distinguishing right from wrong. Rooted in cultural, religious, and philosophical traditions, morality intricately shapes individuals' ethical judgments and actions, molding their interactions with both others and the world.
IGNOU MPYE 002 Important Questions With Answers English Medium -The development of morality is a dynamic and intricate process, involving various factors such as socialization, cognitive growth, and emotional maturation. Central to this developmental process is the role of conscience, a moral compass serving as an internal guide for individuals to navigate the complexities of the moral landscape.
Conscience, often characterized as
an inner sense of right and wrong, acts as a moral intuition shaping
decision-making and behavior. It is closely associated with feelings of guilt
or remorse when actions deviate from internalized moral standards. The
development of conscience is a gradual and continual process that commences in
early childhood and persists throughout life, influenced by a combination of
internal and external factors.
Early childhood plays a pivotal role in the formation of morality and the development of conscience through the process of socialization. Children absorb moral values from their caregivers, family members, and societal structures. Through observation, imitation, and interaction, they internalize the norms and expectations of their cultural and social milieu. For instance, a child may grasp the importance of honesty by observing their parents' emphasis on truthfulness and experiencing positive reinforcement when truth is prioritized.
IGNOU MPYE 002 Important Questions With Answers English Medium -Cognitive growth significantly
contributes to the development of morality and conscience. The renowned
developmental psychologist Jean Piaget proposed a theory delineating stages of
moral development in children. In this schema, young children operate within a
preconventional stage, where morality is primarily shaped by external
consequences and authority figures. As individuals mature, they progress to a
conventional stage, internalizing societal norms and rules. The final stage,
postconventional, sees individuals developing their moral principles, guided by
a sense of universal ethics.
Building on Piaget's work, Lawrence
Kohlberg emphasized the role of reasoning in moral development, proposing a
six-stage model across three levels: preconventional, conventional, and
postconventional. Kohlberg's model posits that individuals advance through
these stages as they encounter more complex moral dilemmas, refining their
moral reasoning over time.
Emotions, particularly empathy and
sympathy, also play a significant part in the development of morality and
conscience. Empathy, the ability to understand and share others' feelings,
fosters a connection with the experiences of others, leading to a sense of
compassion and a desire to act in ways that minimize harm and promote
well-being. As children and adolescents develop empathy, they become more
attuned to the moral implications of their actions and decisions.
IGNOU MPYE 002 Important Questions With Answers English Medium -Conscience, as the internalization
of moral values, reflects the dynamic interplay between cognitive and emotional
processes. The emotional facet of conscience is evident in experiences of guilt
and shame, which motivate individuals to rectify moral transgressions and maintain
a sense of moral identity.
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- IGNOU MPYE-001 Important Questions With Answers English Medium
- IGNOU MPY 001 Important Questions With Answers English Medium
Research in psychology and
neuroscience supports the idea that cognitive and emotional processes intersect
in the development of conscience. Brain regions associated with empathy and
moral reasoning, such as the prefrontal cortex and mirror neuron system,
undergo maturation during childhood and adolescence. These neural changes
contribute to the refinement of moral judgment and the establishment of a more
sophisticated conscience.
IGNOU MPYE 002 Important Questions With Answers English Medium -The influence of culture and
society on the development of morality cannot be overstated. Different cultures
and societies provide distinct moral frameworks, shaped by religious beliefs,
ethical philosophies, and historical contexts. Cultural norms serve as a
foundation for the development of conscience by shaping individuals'
understanding of what is considered morally acceptable or unacceptable in their
respective communities.
Religious teachings play a
significant role in moral development for many individuals, offering a set of
moral guidelines and commandments that act as a moral compass. Philosophical
perspectives on morality also contribute to the development of conscience, as
individuals engage with ethical questions and moral reasoning. Different
ethical theories, such as consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics,
offer diverse frameworks for evaluating moral dilemmas and making ethical
decisions, contributing to the formation of a reflective and well-informed
conscience.
To sum up, morality is a
multifaceted concept guiding human behavior by distinguishing right from wrong.
The development of morality involves socialization, cognitive growth, and
emotional maturation, with conscience serving as an internal guide. Early childhood
experiences, cultural influences, and religious teachings contribute to the
formation of moral values, while cognitive and emotional processes refine moral
reasoning and deepen the understanding of ethical implications. As individuals
navigate the moral landscape, their conscience acts as a guiding force, shaping
ethical decisions and instilling a sense of responsibility towards others and
the greater good.
Q.2 Discuss
situation ethics as propounded by Joseph Fletcher.
Q.3 Analyse the role of subjectivism and emotivism in the
understanding of moral values.
Q.4 Explain the purusharthas and their importance in Indian
Ethics.
Q.5 Explain the Ethical teachings of Buddhism.
Q.6 How do Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham differ in their
ethical approach ? Discuss.
Q.7 What do you understand by Natural Right and Positive Rights
? Explain.
Q.8 What are the general features of Habermas’ 'Discourse
Ethics' ?
Q.9 Is morality relative ? Explain the cultural and ethical
subjectivism involved in morality.
Q.10What do you understand by Virtue Ethics ? Elaborate and
contrast it with deontological ethics.
Q.11 What are the sources of moral ideals in India ? Explain
various ethical concepts discussed in Hindu philosophical tradition.
Q.12 Discuss the debate between consequentialismand
non-consequentialism.
Q.13 Explain the main features of the Jaina and Buddhist
Ethics.
Q.15 Discuss 'Right to Life' as the core of human rights.
Q.14 What is the code of ethics for media with special reference
to social responsibility ?
Q.15. Explain the normative nature of social institutions. Discuss
distributive justice as an important aspect of social institutions.
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