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MSO 003 Solved Assignment 2022-23
MSO 003 Sociology of Development Solved Assignment 2022-23 FREE IGNOU MSO 003
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Answer
any five questions selecting at least two from each of the sections.
Your answers should be in about 500 words
each.
SECTION -1
1. What is Development? Contrast the evolutionary models of development as elaborated by Marx and Parsons.
Development’
International development professionals categorise countries into ‘more’ or
‘less’ developed. This post explores the meanings and origins of these terms,
looking at the concepts of first, second and third world, before looking at the
criticism that such systems of classification are ethnocentric, western
constructions. This post has primarily been written for students studying the
Global Development option for A-Level Sociology.
The term development is used in several ways, but most
sociologists agree that development should mean, at the very least, improvement
or progress for people who desperately need positive change in their lives. The
main debates about development are underpinned by modernity, meaning that
development agencies such as the World Bank and the United Nations aim to
replicate within developing societies the material and cultural experience of
modern Western societies such as the United Kingdom and the United States.
Consequently, most sociologists believe that development is
about achieving economic growth, and the positive consequences which have
generally stemmed from that, such as improvements in life expectancy, mass
education and social welfare. This generally means that most countries in
Europe are defined as being ‘more developed’ while countries in Sub-Saharan
Africa tend to be defined as the ‘least developed’. MSO 003 Sociology of Development Solved Assignment 2022-23 , MSO 003 Solved Assignment 2022-23 , MSO 003 Assignment 2022-23 PDF
Development is at the center of the sociological enterprise.
There is a healthy debate over the relative importance of the material and
cultural foundations of development – and with it, society. The Marx vs.
Weber debate on the origins of capitalism stimulated subsequent generations of
sociologists to develop their own statement on the material vs. cultural
determinants of industrialization and the rise of modern societies. Weberians
have looked for the functional equivalents of Protestantism elsewhere in the
world. (Eisenstadt 1968) Other sociologists have broadened Weber’s analysis to
identify a broad array of cultural and organizational factors need to transform
traditional societies into modernizing economies, such as an “interest in
material improvement” (Levy 1966), a demand for institutional autonomy that
began in Protestant churches but extended into the political and economic
realms (Fulbrook 1983), a “disciplinary state” (Gorski 2003), a “manufacturing
social formation” (Gould 1987), or a “world culture” (Meyer 1997).
In contrast, scholars who share Marx’s preference for
materialist models (Chirot 1985, Collins 1986, Hall 1985) argue for the
centrality of power in the formation of capitalism – and the ability of elites
to transform economic institutions for their own advantage. Mann (1993) argues
that capitalism emerged from the interstices of structures created by actors
with social power. Lachmann (2000), in a comparative study of early
capitalist development in Western Europe, finds capitalist development was at
first an inadvertent result of conflicts among feudal elites.
Wallerstein (1974-89,
Arrighi 1994, Chase-Dunn and Hall 1997) emphasize international relations of
domination either through market mechanisms or the coercive force associated
with empire. From this point of view Europe’s success came directly from
their exploitation and underdevelopment of China and the rest of the capitalist
periphery. In important works, Tilly (1990) and Mann (1993) offer a
reminder of the profound relationship of capitalist development to state
formation and war-making. “Primitive” capitalist accumulation was profoundly
affected by coercion and imperialism. Sociologists looking at late capitalism
would make similar arguments, linking development to extraction of surplus
value from the global south, and the use of military Keynesianism to support
capital accumulation in the core.
Teasing out the manner in which these political and economic
processes intertwine and operate according to distinct logics is a central
challenge for contemporary scholars focused on development.
Weberians have responded to the challenge of developing
transnational models by introducing the concepts of globalization and global
culture, forces capable of constraining nations and states (Meyer et al.
1997). Throughout the debate on globalization, which now pervades
sociology as a discipline, an emphasis on development remains a central
concern.
2. Discuss in detail the concept of Modernization and its various perspectives with examples.
Modernization theory is a description and explanation of the
processes of transformation from traditional or underdeveloped societies to
modern societies. In the words of one of the major proponents,
"Historically, modernization is the process of change towards those types
of social, economic, and political systems that have developed in Western
Europe and North America from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth and
have then spread to other European countries and in the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries to the South American, Asian, and African continents".
Modernization theory has been one of the major perspectives
in the sociology of national development and underdevelopment since the 1950s.
Primary attention has focused on ways in which past and present premodern
societies become modern (i.e., Westernized) through processes of economic
growth and change in social, political, and cultural structures. In general,
modernization theorists are concerned with economic growth within societies as
indicated, for example, by measures of gross national product. Mechanization or
industrialization are ingredients in the process of economic growth.
Modernization theorists study the social, political, and cultural consequences
of economic growth and the conditions that are important for industrialization
and economic growth to occur.
Indeed, a degree of circularity often characterizes
discussions of social and economic change involved in modernization processes
because of the notion, embedded in most modernization theories, of the
functional compatibility of component parts. The theoretical assumptions of
modernization theories will be elaborated later. It should be noted at the
outset that the sociological concept of modernization does not refer simply to
becoming current or "up to date" but rather specifies particular
contents and processes of societal changes in the course of national
development.
Also, modernization theories of development do not
necessarily bear any relationship to more recent philosophical concepts of
"modernity" and "postmodernity." Modernity in philosophical
and epistemological discussions refers to the perspective that there is one
true descriptive and explanatory model that reflects the actual world.
Postmodernity is the stance that no single true description and explanation of
reality exists but rather that knowledge, ideology, and science itself are
based on subjective understandings of an entirely relational nature. While
their philosophical underpinnings place most modernization theories of
development into the "modern" rather than the "postmodern"
context, these separate uses of the term modernity should not be confused.
Also, modernization, industrialization, and development are often used
interchangeably but in fact refer to distinguishable phenomena.
Industrialization is a narrower term than modernization,
while development is more general. Industrialization involves the use of
inanimate sources of power to mechanize production, and it involves increases in
manufacturing, wage labor, income levels, and occupational diversification. It
may or may not be present where there is political, social, or cultural
modernization, and, conversely, it may exist in the absence of other aspects of
modernization. Development (like industrialization) implies economic growth,
but not necessarily through transformation from the predominance of primary
production to manufacturing, and not necessarily as characterized by
modernization theory.
For example, while modernization theorists may define
development mainly in terms of economic output per capita, other theorists may
be more concerned about development of autonomous productive capacity,
equitable distribution of wealth, or meeting basic human needs. Also, while
modernization theories generally envision democratic and capitalist
institutions or secularization of belief systems as components of modern
society, other development perspectives may not. Indeed, dependency theorists
even talk about the "development of underdevelopment" (Frank 1966).
Each of the social science disciplines pays particular attention to the
determinants of modern structures within its realm (social, political,
economic) and gives greater importance to structures or institutions within its
realm for explaining other developments in society. Emphasis here is given to
sociological modernization theory.
Although there are many versions of modernization theory,
major implicit or explicit tenets are that (1) societies develop through a
series of evolutionary stages; (2) these stages are based on different degrees
and patterns of social differentiation and reintegration of structural and
cultural components that are functionally compatible for the maintenance of
society; (3) contemporary developing societies are at a premodern stage of
evolution and they eventually will achieve economic growth and will take on the
social, political, and economic features of western European and North American
societies which have progressed to the highest stage of social evolutionary
development; (4) this modernization will result as complex Western technology
is imported and traditional structural and cultural features incompatible with
such development are overcome.
At its core modernization theory suggests that advanced industrial
technology produces not only economic growth in developing societies but also
other structural and cultural changes.
The common characteristics that societies tend to develop as
they become modern may differ from one version of modernization theory to
another, but, in general, all assume that institutional structures and
individual activities become more highly specialized, differentiated, and
integrated into social, political, and economic forms characteristic of
advanced Western societies.
3.
What is Sustainable Development? Discuss critically the future of sustainable
development in the context of globalization.
4.
What is knowledge/Information Society? Analyze the role of the role of
knowledge and ICTs in empowering communities.
5.
Discuss critically the social dimensions of globalization in India.
Section-B
6.
Discuss the changing perspectives on women's development.
7.Write a critique of the Marxian perspective of development
8. Describe dependency theory?
9.
Discuss the role of civil society for the empowerment of the marginalized
sections of the society.
10.
Discuss the Gandhian perspective on development
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Submission Date :
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2023 (if enrolled in the July 2022 Session)
- · 30th Sept, 2023 (if enrolled in the January 2023 session).
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