FREE IGNOU BEGC 104 BRITISH POETRY AND DRAMA - 14TH TO 17TH CENTURY SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2024-25
Section
A
Write short
notes on the following in about 200 words each.
a) The wife as
an interpreter
In literature, the
wife as an interpreter often signifies a pivotal role in understanding and
translating emotions, intentions, or social dynamics. Traditionally, the wife
has been depicted as the one who mediates between the world and her husband,
offering insights into his inner life or serving as a bridge between different
realms of understanding. In some narratives, the wife interprets societal
expectations, providing a lens through which the husband views his own actions
or the broader world around them. This dynamic can be seen in classical works
such as in the writings of Shakespeare or in more modern interpretations, where
the wife’s perspective often brings depth to male characters, revealing
vulnerabilities or unspoken truths. In other contexts, the wife might also take
on the literal role of a translator, interpreting external communications,
cultural nuances, or even emotional cues between different characters. The
portrayal of the wife in this role often challenges traditional gender norms,
highlighting her intellectual and emotional intelligence, and showcases the
important contributions she makes to the family or society’s understanding of
events. The wife’s interpretive role can also act as a commentary on power
dynamics within relationships, illustrating how interpretation can be both a
form of influence and empowerment.
 |
| FREE IGNOU BEGC 104 British Poetry and Drama - 14th to 17th Century SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2024-25 |
b) Sonnet LVII
Sonnet LVII by
William Shakespeare is part of his collection of 154 sonnets, characterized by
its theme of the complexities of love, time, and beauty. In this particular
sonnet, Shakespeare contemplates the idea of the lover’s beauty being immortalized
through poetry. The speaker addresses the issue of time’s inevitable decay,
suggesting that while the physical beauty of the beloved will fade, their
essence can be preserved through the enduring power of the written word. The
poet argues that the beloved’s beauty will remain in the poem, not subject to
the ravages of time. The idea of art as a means of immortality is central to
this sonnet, as Shakespeare elevates poetry to a divine status capable of
defying time’s destructive forces. The sonnet explores the tension between
temporal beauty and the lasting power of poetry, emphasizing the relationship
between love, memory, and artistic expression. By using the beloved’s beauty as
a symbol, the poem reflects on broader themes of mortality and the
transcendence of art. Shakespeare’s mastery of the sonnet form is evident in
his elegant rhyme scheme and rhythmic cadence, which enhances the emotional
depth of his exploration of love and time.
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Section
B
Answer the following
reference to the context in about 300 words each:
a) So Faustus
hath Already done! And holds this principle There is no chief but only
Belzebab! To whom doth Faustus declare himself.
The excerpt
provided seems to reflect an aspect of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus, particularly
in relation to Faustus's pact with the devil and his utterance of allegiance to
Beelzebub, the demon prince. This passage delves into Faustus's rejection of
God and his complete embrace of the demonic forces, marking a significant
moment in the play. Faustus, once a scholar of great promise, has renounced his
Christian faith in pursuit of knowledge and power beyond the mortal realm. In
his declaration, he openly aligns himself with Beelzebub, signaling his
commitment to the dark forces and his disillusionment with divine intervention
or redemption.
In Marlowe’s play,
Faustus’s tragic flaw is his insatiable ambition, and this moment captures the
depth of his moral and spiritual fall. He no longer recognizes God as the
supreme power and instead acknowledges Beelzebub as the only "chief"
or master. This represents the complete corruption of his soul, as Faustus's
quest for knowledge has led him to a path where he exchanges salvation for
temporal power.
Faustus's
declaration is not merely an acceptance of demonic rule but a symbol of his
rejection of any higher moral or spiritual order. His allegiance to Beelzebub
reflects a surrender of his humanity and a commitment to a life driven by
selfish desires and the pursuit of worldly power, a key theme in Doctor Faustus. This
moment underscores the central tragedy of the play—Faustus's inability to
repent and his eventual damnation.
b) When in
eternal lives to time thou So long as men can breathe grow’st, or eyes Can see,
So long live this, and this gives life to thee
The lines you have
provided are from William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18, a well-known piece from his
collection of 154 sonnets. These lines are part of the concluding couplet of
the sonnet, and they express the poet’s belief in the power of his verse to
immortalize the beauty of his beloved.
The phrase "When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st" refers to the idea of the beloved being immortalized
in the “eternal lines” of the poem itself. Shakespeare suggests that while the
beauty of the beloved will fade with time, the poem will preserve it forever.
The phrase "so long as men
can breathe or eyes can see"
further emphasizes this idea, suggesting that as long as humanity exists and
can appreciate the beauty of poetry, the beloved’s beauty will live on. The
poet is essentially arguing that the verse will grant immortality to the
beloved, preserving their beauty far beyond the natural limits of life.
The final line, "So long live this, and this gives life to thee", reaffirms the idea that the poem itself will be the
source of the beloved’s immortality. As long as the poem is read and
appreciated, the beloved’s beauty will continue to "live."
Shakespeare thus uses the sonnet to demonstrate the transcendent power of art,
particularly poetry, which can outlast physical existence and provide a form of
eternal life.
In this sonnet,
Shakespeare elevates the power of the written word, asserting that while beauty
fades with time, the legacy of that beauty can be preserved through art. This
idea reflects broader themes in Shakespeare's work about the relationship
between art, beauty, and time, highlighting how poetry can serve as a medium of
remembrance and immortality.
c) Since
brass, nor stone, nor earth, no boundless sea, But sad mortality o’ ersway
their power How with the rage shall beauty hold a plea,
The
lines you have provided are from Shakespeare’s Sonnet 64, a powerful
reflection on the transience of beauty and the inevitability of time’s
destruction. In these lines, the poet considers how even the most enduring
elements of the world—brass, stone, the earth, and the vast seas—are ultimately
subject to the ravages of time and mortality. He recognizes that no matter how
seemingly permanent or indestructible these materials are, they are still
vulnerable to decay, symbolizing the inevitability of death and the transient
nature of all things.
The
line "But sad mortality o’ersway their power" suggests that
even the strongest forces in the universe cannot resist the pull of time and
death. The reference to "sad mortality" highlights the melancholic
realization that nothing, not even the most enduring physical elements, can
escape the inevitability of decay. This line sets the stage for the following
question posed by the poet: "How with the rage shall beauty hold a
plea?"
Here,
Shakespeare questions how beauty—often seen as a fleeting and fragile
quality—can withstand the “rage” of time and mortality. While material things
like stone or metal may endure for centuries, beauty, being intangible and
temporary, is more vulnerable. The "rage" refers to the destructive
power of time, which erodes even the most beautiful aspects of life. The sonnet
reflects the inevitability of aging and the loss of beauty, which cannot be
protected from the passage of time.
Through
this meditation, Shakespeare captures the universal truth that all things,
including human beauty, are doomed to succumb to time. Yet, within the broader
context of his sonnet, he also proposes a solution: beauty can be preserved in
poetry, a theme that runs throughout his sonnet sequence. In this sense, the
poem itself becomes a medium through which beauty can defy the decay of time,
offering a form of immortality through art.
Section
C
Answer the following questions in about 800 words
1. Critically
analyse ‘Sonnet 55’.
William
Shakespeare's Sonnet 55, often referred to as the "Sonnet of
Immortality," is part of the Fair Youth sequence, where the poet addresses
a young man, praising his beauty, virtues, and the endurance of his legacy.
Through the poem, Shakespeare explores themes of time, immortality, and the
transitory nature of human life, while asserting the power of poetry to
preserve both memory and beauty. The poem’s form, content, and rhetorical
strategies all contribute to its nuanced exploration of these themes.
Structure and Form:
The
poem follows the conventional form of a Shakespearean sonnet, consisting of 14
lines written in iambic pentameter. The rhyme scheme is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. The
structure of the sonnet provides a clear division of thought, with the first
twelve lines exploring the theme of time and immortality, and the final couplet
offering a resolution of sorts. Shakespeare uses this formal structure to
encapsulate his argument that the poem itself, as a work of art, will
immortalize the beauty of the young man far beyond the ravages of time.
Imagery and Themes:
The
opening lines of the poem introduce a striking juxtaposition between the
physical and the eternal. Shakespeare begins by stating that neither
"golden" monuments nor "marble" structures, which are
traditionally symbols of permanence and grandeur, can compare to the enduring
nature of the poet’s verse. This sets the stage for a discussion on the
impermanence of material objects and the relative superiority of art in preserving
memory.
The
poet's assertion that the "gilded monuments" of princes will
"outlive" the ravages of time is not just an aesthetic claim but a
criticism of the superficiality of human constructs. These monuments, while
seemingly lasting, are not immune to decay, as time, represented by the
destructive forces of "time's wasting" and "death's black
cloud," inevitably leads to their destruction. In contrast, poetry, as an
eternal form of art, will preserve the young man's name and beauty for
generations to come. Shakespeare’s claim is that while physical beauty will
fade, the "living record" of the poem ensures the youth’s
immortality.
Language and Symbolism:
Shakespeare’s
use of language throughout the sonnet is rich in symbolism, as well as striking
metaphors. For instance, the mention of “marble” and “gilded monuments” evokes
the idea of physical structures designed to commemorate individuals, often
associated with royal figures. However, Shakespeare counters this notion by
emphasizing that even such lasting monuments will succumb to the ravages of
time. The phrase "time’s spoils" in the fourth line further
emphasizes time as an inevitable destroyer, and Shakespeare’s use of the word
"spoils" suggests that time ravages and reduces even the most regal
of human legacies to ruin.
One
of the poem's most striking images is the idea that the young man’s beauty will
be preserved through the "eternal lines" of poetry. Shakespeare
implies that art, unlike physical monuments, will withstand time. The poet is
confident that his verse will outlast any destructive force, thereby ensuring
the young man's immortality. This contrasts sharply with the fleeting nature of
life, and Shakespeare, through his rhetoric, constructs a worldview in which
art transcends time.
Another
important metaphor in the sonnet is the idea of "Death," personified
as a "black cloud." Death is often depicted as an inevitable force
that consumes everything in its path, but Shakespeare here suggests that death
cannot erase the written word. The "black cloud" stands as a threat,
but the poem itself functions as a shield against it, ensuring that the young
man's memory is preserved. The notion of "immortalizing" someone
through art is central to the sonnet's larger message, and Shakespeare positions
poetry as the ultimate conqueror of death.
Tone and Rhetorical Techniques:
The
tone of the poem is elevated, reflecting the grandeur of its subject matter.
Shakespeare employs an assertive and confident voice, especially in the second
half of the sonnet, where he claims that the youth will never "lose
possession" of his beauty, "nor shall Death brag" that he has
"wandered in his shade." The use of the future tense ("will
outlive," "will live") in these lines implies an unwavering
certainty in the power of poetry.
Rhetorically,
the poem engages in a process of comparison and contrast. Shakespeare compares
the destructibility of physical monuments to the eternal nature of poetry, thus
elevating the significance of his own art. Furthermore, by personifying time
and death, Shakespeare creates antagonistic forces that challenge the youth’s
legacy, but ultimately, these forces are defeated by the strength of poetry.
The
closing couplet of the sonnet is crucial, as it presents the central argument
for the immortality of the young man through art. Shakespeare boldly claims
that as long as the poem is read, the youth’s beauty will live on. The final
couplet encapsulates the theme of immortality: "So long as men can breathe
or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee." The
repetition of "so long" reinforces the timeless quality of both the
poem and the youth’s legacy.
Conclusion:
Sonnet
55 is a masterful meditation on the
relationship between time, death, and immortality. Shakespeare critiques the
limitations of physical monuments and emphasizes the power of poetry to
preserve beauty and memory beyond the ravages of time. Through striking
metaphors, personification, and an unwavering confidence in the power of his
own art, the poet presents a compelling argument for the eternal nature of
verse. In doing so, Shakespeare reaffirms the capacity of literature to
immortalize the human experience, ensuring that even the most transient beauty
endures through the written word. Ultimately, Sonnet 55 elevates the
status of the poet and poetry itself, claiming that words can transcend time
and preserve the essence of beauty, youth, and human experience indefinitely.
2. Criticallly
analyse ‘Death Be Not Proud’
"Death
Be Not Proud" by John Donne is one of his most
famous Holy Sonnets, in which he addresses the concept of death, personifying
it as an arrogant force that believes it holds ultimate power over human life.
The poem is a defiant challenge to the inevitability of death and a profound
meditation on the transient nature of mortality. Donne’s argument, articulated
with his signature wit and theological depth, is that death is neither as
powerful nor as terrifying as it is commonly believed to be.
Structure and Form:
The
poem follows the conventional structure of a Petrarchan sonnet, consisting of
14 lines divided into an octave (the first eight lines) and a sestet (the final
six lines). The rhyme scheme is ABBA ABBA in the octave, which is typical for
sonnets of this type, and CDD CDD in the sestet, which provides a shift in tone
and argument. The regularity of the form is appropriate for the theme of the
poem, as it conveys a sense of order and control in Donne’s argument against
the disorder and finality that death represents.
Theme of Death:
From
the outset, Donne directly addresses Death, personifying it as if it were a
proud and arrogant individual. The opening lines—“Death, be not proud, though
some have called thee / Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so”—directly
challenge the traditional notion of death as a powerful force. Donne argues
that death, often regarded with fear and reverence, is not as formidable as it
appears. By using direct address and rhetorical command, Donne diminishes
Death’s authority, asserting that it is not mighty or dreadful.
The
sonnet continues with a series of reasons why Death should not be proud. Donne
points out that death does not have the power it claims to possess; rather, it
is a mere "slave" to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men. In this
view, death is not autonomous but dependent on the whims of external forces.
This depiction undermines the traditional view of death as an inevitable,
all-powerful force that determines the end of life. By framing death as a
servant, Donne challenges the conventional perception of death’s supremacy.
The Role of Sleep:
In
lines 5-8, Donne compares death to sleep, describing both as "short
sleep" or a temporary state. He writes, "Thou art a slave to fate,
chance, kings, and desperate men, / And dost with poison, war, and sickness
dwell." Here, Donne downplays the finality of death by equating it with
sleep, which is a natural and temporary state that people experience every
night. Sleep, although often associated with rest and peace, is not feared in
the way death is. Thus, Donne reduces death’s perceived horror by emphasizing
its temporary and almost benign nature. Sleep, which is rejuvenating and
restorative, becomes a metaphor for the tranquility that death brings,
challenging the idea that death is an ultimate end.
Furthermore,
Donne’s comparison suggests that death, like sleep, does not permanently end
the self or the soul. In Christian theology, death is not seen as the final end
of the soul; it is rather a passage into eternal life. For Donne, death does
not have the final word over existence; it is a transition that ultimately
leads to a more permanent form of life—an eternal one.
Death’s Demise:
In
the sestet (lines 9-14), Donne makes his most powerful argument against death’s
pride. He states, "One short sleep past, we wake eternally, / And death
shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die." The finality of death is
challenged here in a triumphant declaration that death, in its traditional
form, will cease to exist. The idea that death will eventually "die"
emphasizes the Christian belief in eternal life. Through resurrection, death’s
power is ultimately negated by the eternal life promised by God. This Christian
perspective is crucial to Donne’s argument: in the context of faith, death is
not a final, destructive force but a necessary step in the journey toward
eternal life.
The
notion that "death shall die" also reflects Donne’s belief in the
superiority of the soul over the body. The death of the body is not the end of
the individual; the soul remains immortal. Death, in its physical form, is
temporary, and the soul’s immortality ensures that death’s reign is fleeting.
Tone and Rhetorical Techniques:
The
tone of the poem is defiant and confrontational, especially in the opening
lines where Donne directly challenges death's supposed pride. This defiance is
expressed through Donne's rhetorical strategies. He uses imperatives such as
“be not proud,” making the poem feel like a direct command to death. The
personification of death as an arrogant entity is a powerful rhetorical device
that allows Donne to dismantle the fear surrounding it by stripping it of its
supposed power.
Donne’s
use of paradox is also important. By stating that death “shalt die,” he
presents a contradiction that further weakens death’s authority. This paradox
not only highlights the Christian view of resurrection and eternal life but
also draws attention to the fact that death, while perceived as an end, is
ultimately part of a larger, more transcendent plan.
The
contrast between death and sleep is another key rhetorical device. Sleep, a
necessary and natural part of life, is typically not feared in the same way as
death. By drawing this comparison, Donne removes the terror that is often
associated with death, positioning it instead as a simple and even necessary
stage of existence.
Conclusion:
In
"Death Be Not Proud", John Donne confronts death head-on,
challenging its presumed power and pride. Through a series of metaphors,
rhetorical questions, and paradoxes, Donne undermines the traditional view of
death as an all-powerful, terrifying force. Instead, he presents death as a
temporary and inconsequential force that ultimately serves the will of God. By
equating death with sleep and asserting that it will "die," Donne
emphasizes the idea that death is not the final end but a passage into eternal
life. The poem ultimately expresses a profound Christian belief in immortality
and the triumph of the soul over the physical body, offering comfort and
reassurance in the face of mortality.
3. Discuss the
Character of Macbeth.
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CENTURY Assignments
BEGC 104 ECONOMICS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Assignment 2024-25 Before attempting the assignment,
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