Q. What are the major features of India’s foreign policy? Explain.
What are the major features of India’s foreign policy? Explain. India's foreign policy, similar to those of other countries, is essentially a product of its history, geography, and international realities. It's an intricate combination of many factors including national interests, historical legacies, and geopolitical conditions, among others. Since its independence in 1947, India's foreign policy has undergone several changes in response to evolving global political dynamics. However, certain constants have guided it throughout, fostering its image as a responsible, peaceful, and growing power. This essay aims to explore the major features of India's foreign policy.
Non-Alignment
India's foreign policy, for most of its post-independence
history, has been defined by Non-Alignment.
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a unique international
organization, founded during the Cold War's heightened tension between two
global superpowers - the United States and the Soviet Union. Established during
the 1955 Bandung Conference, the movement became a formal organization at the
first Non-Aligned Summit in Belgrade in 1961. Under the leadership of such
historical figures as India's Jawaharlal Nehru, Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser,
Indonesia's Sukarno, Yugoslavia's Josip Broz Tito, and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah,
NAM asserted a strong desire for an alternative path to the prevailing bipolar
world order.
The primary objective of NAM was to
ensure the independent decision-making of its member states without
interference from the dominant world powers. It emphasized the principles of
non-interference, respect for sovereignty, and territorial integrity, promoting
peace and cooperation among nations. Its members sought a course of neutrality,
rejecting formal alliances with either the Western or the Eastern bloc. This
"third way" was not merely non-participation in global power
structures; it was an active pursuit of a more equitable international system
that better reflected the interests and aspirations of developing countries.
NAM has become an influential
platform for countries in the Global South to voice their concerns on the
international stage. With over 120 member states, the movement represents
nearly two-thirds of the United Nations' membership and more than half of the
world's population. It is committed to promoting collective self-reliance among
developing nations and has consistently advocated for economic and social
justice, human rights, and sustainable development.
Despite the end of the Cold War, NAM
remains relevant in the contemporary global order. In the face of challenges
such as economic inequality, climate change, and conflicts, NAM continues to
provide a critical space for dialogue and cooperation among nations that often
remain at the margins of global decision-making. It amplifies their voices and
advocates for a more equitable global governance system. The major features of
India’s foreign policy
The Non-Aligned Movement also faces significant challenges.
With the rise of new powers and the reconfiguration of global politics,
maintaining unity among such a diverse group of nations is no easy task.
Differences in national interests, political systems, and economic conditions
often lead to divergent perspectives within the movement. Additionally, the
changing nature of global conflict, characterized increasingly by non-state
actors and asymmetrical warfare, poses new questions about the relevance of
non-alignment.
The Non-Aligned Movement remains an
essential part of the global political landscape. It is a testament to the
enduring desire for self-determination and sovereign equality among nations. At
its core, NAM embodies the pursuit of a world where power is not concentrated
in the hands of a few, but dispersed among the many. Its enduring presence
challenges the status quo, demanding a more inclusive and equitable global
order.
Panchsheel or Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
The Panchsheel, or the Five Principles of Peaceful
Coexistence, are a series of guidelines for international diplomacy, first
proposed by India and China in 1954. These principles have a significant
historical and philosophical underpinning, emanating from India's non-aligned
foreign policy perspective, as well as from the teachings of Buddha, Mahavira,
and Ashoka. They are regarded as the cornerstone of India's foreign policy.
The first principle of Panchsheel is
mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty. This
principle underlines the importance of recognizing and honoring the political
and territorial boundaries of all nations. Each country is expected to respect
the sovereignty of others without any interference or aggression. This respect
allows nations to coexist peacefully, fostering an environment where
international disputes are handled through dialogue and negotiation rather than
military force.
The second principle, mutual
non-aggression, emphasizes the importance of countries refraining from violent
aggression against each other. It promotes the idea that disputes should be
resolved peacefully through diplomacy and negotiation rather than resorting to
force or war. In this regard, it is crucial to note that the concept of
aggression is not confined to physical violence; it also includes economic
coercion, political interference, or any form of hostile behavior. The major
features of India’s foreign policy
The third principle, mutual non-interference in each other's
internal affairs, recognizes the importance of each country's ability to govern
its affairs without external influence. This principle encourages the respect
for national sovereignty and the preservation of each nation's right to
self-determination. It upholds that each nation has the freedom to make
decisions regarding its internal matters, without undue pressure or coercion
from other countries.
The fourth principle, equality and mutual benefit, advocates
for international relations characterized by fairness, justice, and reciprocal
benefit. It posits that countries should engage with each other on equal terms,
respecting each other's rights and interests. This principle underscores the
importance of cooperation and the sharing of resources and benefits for the
common good, which can lead to sustainable development and peace.
The fifth and final principle,
peaceful coexistence, forms the crux of the Panchsheel. It proclaims that
nations should coexist in peace and harmony, without engaging in acts of war or
conflict. It promotes a world order where every nation, regardless of its size
or power, can exist harmoniously without fear of domination or aggression from
others.
The Panchsheel principles are rooted in an inclusive,
respectful, and peaceful worldview. They underline the inherent dignity and
worth of all nations and promote mutual respect, peace, and cooperation. At a
time when the world is becoming increasingly polarized, these principles offer
a valuable framework for fostering international peace and stability.
However, it is crucial to note that the application of these
principles is not without challenges. In a world marked by power politics,
ideological conflicts, and economic disparities, the practical implementation
of these principles often meets with hurdles. Nevertheless, they remain a
guiding light for peaceful coexistence and mutual respect among nations.
Non-aggression and Peaceful Resolution of Disputes
India has always stressed the non-aggression principle and
peaceful resolution of disputes. It has often advocated dialogue and diplomacy
as means of resolving international conflicts. An example of this can be seen
in India's response to the Kashmir issue with Pakistan where India has always
pushed for bilateral discussions based on the Simla Agreement of 1972.
Promoting South-South Cooperation
India has been an ardent supporter of south-south
cooperation. It has often rallied for greater cooperation between developing
nations to fight the common problems of poverty, illiteracy, and
underdevelopment. A manifestation of this is India's active role in forums like
the NAM, the G77, BRICS, and the India-Africa Forum Summit. The major features
of India’s foreign policy
Nuclear Policy
India's nuclear policy has evolved significantly since the
country embarked on its nuclear program in the mid-20th century, starting
primarily for peaceful purposes, but over time developing a military aspect in
response to regional security dynamics. The trajectory of India's nuclear
policy can be understood in the context of its broader strategic objectives,
domestic political developments, and international pressures and norms.
India's journey into the nuclear
world began with the establishment of the Atomic Energy Commission in 1948,
under the leadership of Homi J. Bhabha. India's nuclear program was initially
intended for peaceful purposes like energy production, medical research, and agricultural
development. The country's commitment to using nuclear energy for peaceful
purposes was also underlined by then-Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's firm
belief in atomic energy as a vehicle for socio-economic development.
India's first nuclear test, codenamed "Smiling
Buddha," was conducted in 1974. Although described as a "peaceful
nuclear explosion," it raised international concerns about India's nuclear
intentions. Despite the test, India continued to maintain a self-imposed
moratorium on nuclear weapons testing for several years.
The shift in India's nuclear policy towards weaponization
became more apparent in the 1990s, influenced by a complex mix of factors,
including a changing regional security environment, particularly due to
nuclear-armed China and Pakistan. This led to the nuclear tests in May 1998,
named "Operation Shakti," which marked India's formal entry into the
nuclear weapons club. Despite these tests, India reiterated its commitment to
nuclear disarmament and stressed that its nuclear weapons program was driven by
security concerns and not an ambition to become a global nuclear power.
India's nuclear policy has since been
characterized by a commitment to "no first use" (NFU) and a policy of
"credible minimum deterrence." This means that India will not be the
first to use nuclear weapons in a conflict but will maintain a sufficient
nuclear arsenal to deter any potential nuclear attacks on its territory. The
NFU policy, along with the promise of massive retaliation in case of a nuclear
attack, underscores the fundamentally defensive orientation of India's nuclear
posture.
Feature of India's nuclear policy is its unwavering
commitment to global nuclear disarmament. Despite being a nuclear-armed state,
India has consistently advocated for a nuclear-free world. It has also been a
strong proponent of universal, non-discriminatory, and verifiable nuclear
disarmament, emphasizing the need to address the threat posed by nuclear
weapons on a global scale.
India's nuclear policy also reflects
its commitment to maintaining a responsible nuclear posture. Despite not being
a signatory to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT),
India has adhered to a stringent self-imposed export control policy to prevent
the proliferation of nuclear weapons. It has also demonstrated its commitment
to safe and secure nuclear practices by working closely with the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and other international bodies.
Look East Policy and Act
East Policy
India's "Look East" policy was initiated in the
early 1990s, marking a strategic shift in the country's foreign policy from its
traditional non-alignment stance to a more pragmatic and adaptive approach,
especially concerning the rapidly growing economies in East and Southeast Asia.
This policy focused on establishing close economic and strategic ties with
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) members and other East Asian
economies. However, it wasn't confined to just economics, as India also aspired
to bolster its security, cultural, and diplomatic ties with the nations in this
region. The major features of India’s foreign policy
Driven by the economic liberalization at home, the Look East
policy was a major pivot towards integrating India with the world economy,
recognizing the potential of East Asian countries to play a vital role in
India's economic development. The key elements of the policy included promoting
economic cooperation, expanding trade relations, and boosting investment in
East and Southeast Asian nations. Additionally, the policy aimed to cultivate
and strengthen cultural ties, aiming to foster mutual understanding, peace, and
stability in the region.
The Look East policy underwent a
transformation, both in terms of its scope and intensity. It moved beyond just economic
and trade relations to include issues such as security and strategic
cooperation, cultural exchanges, and deepening regional integration. These
changes culminated in what came to be known as the "Act East" policy
under the Modi administration, which was announced in 2014.
The Act East policy was not merely a continuation of the Look
East policy but a more dynamic and upgraded version of it. It aimed at
integrating India's economy with those of East and Southeast Asia, building
robust networks of interdependence, and enhancing India's strategic influence
in the region. The focus widened from ASEAN to include countries like South
Korea, Japan, Australia, and even extended to the Pacific island countries. The
policy envisioned a more active role for India in regional politics and
security affairs.
Under the Act East policy, India also increased its
engagements in regional multilateral organizations, such as the East Asia
Summit, ASEAN Regional Forum, and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for
Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC). These efforts
symbolized India's desire to be an active participant in the regional and
global decision-making process.
The Act East policy also focused on the northeastern states
of India, aiming to boost their economy and connectivity by establishing them
as a natural bridge between India and Southeast Asia. Enhancing infrastructural
development, promoting tourism, and cultural exchanges were key components of
this initiative.
The Act East policy reflected a
comprehensive approach towards East and Southeast Asia. It was not just about
economics and trade, but also involved political relations, security
cooperation, strategic interests, cultural ties, and people-to-people contact.
The policy encapsulated India's vision of an inclusive and cooperative Asian
community. The major features of India’s foreign policy
Neighborhood First Policy
The 'Neighbourhood First' policy, an integral part of India's
foreign policy in recent years, seeks to improve ties with its immediate neighbours.
By emphasizing connectivity, cooperation, and cultural links, it seeks to
foster a sense of shared destiny with its neighbours.
One of the critical elements of
India's foreign policy is its persistent focus on strategic autonomy. This
principle is a carry-over from the non-alignment policy. Despite changing
geopolitical dynamics, India has consistently sought to avoid dependency on any
single nation or group of nations. Instead, it has pursued a course that
maximizes its interests. For instance, India has not formally aligned itself
with any major power blocs even in the post-Cold War period, despite forging
strategic partnerships with several countries, including the United States,
Russia, and Japan.
The neighborhood has always been a key focus area in India's
foreign policy. India has pursued active engagement with its South Asian
neighbors and has striven to be a net security provider in the region. Its
'Neighbourhood First' policy, launched under Prime Minister Narendra Modi,
underscores this focus. It prioritizes improving relationships with neighboring
countries through initiatives such as the South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral
Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC).
India's foreign policy has also been
characterized by active engagement with various multilateral forums. These
include the United Nations, World Trade Organization, BRICS (Brazil, Russia,
India, China, South Africa), G20, and ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian
Nations), among others. For instance, India's consistent efforts to reform the
UN Security Council to reflect contemporary realities underscore its proactive
approach in multilateral forums.
Maritime Diplomacy
Given its geographical location, maritime diplomacy is an
essential aspect of India's foreign policy. It seeks to protect its strategic
interests in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and to provide a cooperative model
for regional development and security. The 'Security and Growth for All in the
Region' (SAGAR) doctrine underlines this aspect of India's foreign policy. The
major features of India’s foreign policy
Economic considerations have assumed increasing importance in India's foreign policy. Through initiatives such as 'Make in India,' 'Digital India,' and 'Startup India,' India has been attracting foreign direct investment, promoting technological innovations, and enhancing its economic footprint globally.
Conclusion
The major features of India’s foreign policy , India's
foreign policy is a mix of historical principles, such as Non-Alignment and
Panchsheel, and new initiatives like Look East and Neighborhood First policies.
It's characterized by an emphasis on national interest, peaceful coexistence,
non-aggression, and south-south cooperation. Despite shifts and changes, the
primary focus remains on safeguarding national sovereignty, promoting peace,
and enhancing India's role and image globally. Given the rapidly changing
global order, India’s foreign policy will continue to evolve, yet these core
principles are likely to remain as foundational pillars.
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