Describe the features and stages of short term psychotherapies

Psychodynamic Treatment of Pathological Grief and Depression

Although stable changes after short-term psychotherapy are not expected for disorders with recurring episodes like major depressive illnesses (Westen, Novotny, & Thompson-Brenner, 2004), long-term psychodynamic treatments have been effective in changing these more severe psychopathologies (Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008) and have even demonstrated to change IWMs (Levy et al., 2006). From a psychoanalytic point of view, relationship representations linked with childhood experience are thought to influence any interpersonal social expectation and therefore reemerge in the course of psychodynamic treatment (i.e., in a transference relationship) (Westen & Gabbard, 2002).

Describe the features and stages of short term psychotherapies

The goals of psychodynamic psychotherapy with discouraged patients are to pursue a steady change of social assumptions and influence guideline systems connected with the burdensome pathology by reactivating IWMs inside the helpful relationship. The particular highlights of psychodynamic treatments, rather than different psychotherapies, incorporate the accompanying (Shedler, 2010): (1) center around influence and the declaration of feeling, (2) investigation of endeavors to keep away from the parts of involvement, (3) ID of repeating subjects, (4) conversation of previous encounters, (5) center around relational relations and on the restorative relationship, and (6) investigations of wishes, dreams, and dreams. Psychoanalytic cooperation can be described by three areas (Castonguay and Beutler, 2006; Kernberg, 1984):First, the therapist reacts mainly to the patient’s initiative and serves as a secure base for patients to explore their mental world; second, the main task is to create meaning for difficult to understand behavior or symptoms; and third, therapeutic change is achieved by enabling the patient to think about mental states of self and others instead of using defense mechanisms (e.g., the mourning of loss and trauma).

The third domain has recently been addressed mostly within the concept of mentalization, that is, the capacity to perceive and understand oneself and others’ behavior in terms of mental states such as feelings, beliefs, intentions, and desires (Fonagy, Target, Steele, & Steele, 1998). Mentalizing involves two modes: (1) an implicit or nonconscious process that is mainly procedural, enabling the individual to interpret nonverbal body language or emotional expressions and (2) an explicit or conscious one, which is closely related to the individual’s verbal ability (Allen, 2003). Furthermore, mentalization also links a cognitive activity such as attributing mental states (as in theory-of-mind assessments) with an affective, empathizing activity that helps to connect mental states and emotions to behavior. It therefore makes one’s own behavior and emotional experiences and that of others meaningful and predictable (Bateman & Fonagy, 2004).

Describe the features and stages of short term psychotherapies

As per Fonagy and Target (2003), mentalization creates with regards to early connection connections. In typical turn of events, babies start to comprehend the self as a mental specialist by encountering that their transient emotional states are sufficiently and particularly reflected by the parental figure. Subsequently, through the most common way of investigating their own personalities through the brain of the connection figure, babies start to foster their very own psychological portrayal close to home state as an inclination that works with profound mindfulness and influence guideline (Allen, Fonagy, and Bateman, 2008). Fonagy and partners (Fonagy, Gergely, and Target, 2007; Sharp and Fonagy, 2008) propose that protected connection works with close to home attunement among guardian and kid and permits the improvement of the youngster's brilliance. Mentalization can "mature" and create (e.g., through the safe base of a restorative partnership), and it very well may be subverted by unfriendly encounters, for example, early connection injury that might prompt deficiencies or twists of mentalization (Levinson and Fonagy, 2004; Sharp, 2006).

 Concerning dynamic communication among psychopathology and mentalization, Fonagy et al. (1998) showed experimentally that patients who experienced early connection injury were bound to foster a marginal behavioral condition whenever directed by low mentalization (Fonagy, 2000; Fonagy, Target, Gergely, Allen, and Bateman, 2003). Impeded mentalization in patients who endured injury might be the consequence of a cautious withdrawal from the psychological world that thusly makes it more hard for the person to adapt to the horrible experience.

Describe the features and stages of short term psychotherapies

The capacity to think about mental states of self and others as a metacognitive ability is considered to be a key factor for therapeutic change (Fonagy and Bateman, 2006). In some patients, it has to be fostered first in order to allow psychotherapeutic change to happen eventually, such as in personality disorders (Fonagy, Gergely, Jurist, & Target, 2002). In less-disturbed patients, who are able to mentalize, more work may be needed on the content of their representations (Fonagy, Moran, Edgcumbe, Kennedy, & Target, 1993). This is most likely the case with patients with depressive disorders.

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