IGNOU FREE MPC 001 Solved Assignment 2022-23
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MPC 001 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, LEARNING AND MEMORY Solved Assignment 2022-23
NOTE: All questions are compulsory
SECTION – A
Answer the
following questions in 1000 words each.
Q.1. Discuss
the structure and functions of language.
Philosophers of language have tended to assume that the mapping ofsome linguistic phenomenon onto a formal system will give a solution toa philosophical problem and give us great insight of the operation of lan-guage. Russell’s Theory of Descriptions is one of the most famous casesof this, but there are numerous contemporary examples as well. Possibleworlds semantics seems to be a classic case: one domain that seems puzzlingis mapped onto another domain, and if some type of formal equivalence isachieved, i.e., the truth conditions are the same, then thisis assumed toprovide an explanation. In my opinion this is incorrect. An adequate philo-sophical insight cannot be obtained merely by means of a mapping thatprovides an equivalence. This would be akin to suggesting that in order toproperly understand the sentence, ‘all ravens are black’, one must realizethat what it really says is, ‘all non-black things are non-ravens.’
The twosentences are
logically equivalent in that they are true or false in exactly thesame set of
circumstances, but the second does not give you ananalysis ofthe psychological
reality of saying ‘all ravens are black.’Much contemporaryPhilosophy of
Language seems to operate in this manner. For example, let us consider
Russell’s famous Theory of Descriptions. How doesRussell achieveuniqueness of
reference? In Russell’s example, to say that the King of Franceis bald is to
say that there is at least one x such that x isaKing of Franceand for each
thing y, y is a King of France only if y is identicalwith x. This,however, is psychologically unrealistic. Our notion of an object is
alreadyone of a unique object. It is not necessary to consider the entire
universe,or even the domain under discussion, in order to achieve uniqueness.
Theproblem with much of the contemporary Philosophy of Language has beenthe supposition
that it is
sufficient to obtain
an equivalence, i.e.,
that ifthe truth conditions on
each side of a biconditional are the same, then anadequate explanation has been
achieved. In general, however, I do not be-lieve this to be the case; psychological
reality ought to play a much greaterrole. Perhaps surprisingly, it seems that
Frege, the inventor of contemporarylogic, was more “psychologically real” than
his successors, such as Russell,because he attempted to reach an intuitively
plausible distinction betweenSinnand Bedeutung.
The Structure and
Functions of Language
tions of satisfaction, is still far from sufficient to
achievelanguage. There isno inner structure here. There is, however, a
distinction between represen-tation and expression, and the key to
understanding language in the humansense is not expression but representation.
There are expressive speech acts,such
as “ouch!” or
“damn!”, but the
key speech acts
are the representa-tional ones, which invariably
impose conditions of satisfaction on conditionsof satisfaction.
The next crucial element I will introduce is the notion of a
procedure.If animals have a procedure whereby they can represent the same type
ofstate of affairs on different occasions, then that procedure can
reasonablybe called a
convention. If animals
have standard ways
of behaving suchthat
other animals can
recognize those standard
ways of behaving,
thenin a particular situation a
convention is being invoked, in order to createnot simply an act of
meaning but an act of communication, where what iscommunicated is the meaning.
The introduction of conventions is the nextcrucial element of language.When we
have basic intentional structures together with an intentionalact, speaker meaning,
which is a matter of imposing conditions of satisfac-tion on
conditions of satisfaction,
and standard procedures
for doing so,which
I am calling
conventions, these introduce
a crucial new
element,namely a speaker’s capacity to lie. In order to be committed to
the truth,one must at least potentially be able to lie. Nietzsche said that
what is re-markable about human beings is that they can make promises. Iwould
addthat it is also remarkable that they can make deliberately false statementsand
insincere promises, and that in general they can lie. Animals in
generalcannot lie; they
can deceive, for
example when a bird behavesas thoughit is wounded in order to distract
predators from its young, but this is notlying, it is merely deceit. Lying is
performing an intentional act which hasthe mind-to-world direction of fit when
in fact the speaker believes it to befalse.
Frege invented the
assertion sign⊢and we
can use it
to mark theassertive illocutionary force. Performing
one of these acts which representstates of affairs commits one to truth, but it
is possible to becommitted tothe truth of a proposition which in fact one
believes to be false. This is whatwe call a lie.
Given conventional devices for imposing conditions of satisfaction onsounds, movements, and utterances, what more is needed to achieve lan-guage? As mentioned above, the traditional Aristotelian and Kantian cate-gories are largely instantiated in human and animal consciousness. The an-imal has the ability to break up its experiences into objectsand their prop-erties, including spatial and temporal relations, movement, and causal rela- tions. IGNOU FREE MPC 001 Solved Assignment 2022-23
We know from experience
and from animal studies that animalshavethe
capacity to discriminate
objects, to discriminate
the same object
indifferent circumstances, and to discriminate the same object as having
oneproperty at one
time and then
a different property
at another time.
Forexample, a dog
can see that
its owner was
once in one
place, butnowis in
another place. I
believe that the
distinction between properties
andobjects, and the fact that objects possess properties, is given by
the biologyof animal consciousness. Now let us suppose that the humanoid is
capableof performing a
speech act of
the form F(p);
it can make
a distinctionbetween the noun
phrase and the verb phrase in the syntax of this particulardevice that
expresses the proposition. This is a stunning advance, becausein language,
unlike pre-linguistic forms of consciousnessand intentionality,there are not
only representations, but representative devices that can bemanipulated. It is
the free manipulation of these symbolic devices that giveslanguage its enormous
expressive power, because these elements that makeup the
representation introduce something
that corresponds to
the innersyntax of a sentence.
Discreteness
What is significant about these devices is that they
preservetheir iden-tity under permutations and transformations. Words and
morphemes corre-sponding to reference and predication preserve their identity
under changes.A sentence may have eight or twelve words, but it cannot have
nine and onehalf words, as
half-words do not
exist. An early
objection togenerativegrammars
was that generativity was trivial, because, for example, a recipefor baking a
cake can be called generative: “add a cup of sugar”, “add a cup of flour.” A
recipe, however, lacks the property of discreteness, as the sugar,butter and
flour lose their
identity when they are
baked in theoven
andare no longer sugar and flour. Words and morphemes, however, remain
thesame, despite undergoing various transformations.
Compositionality
The feature of compositionality is also crucial
because it enables
theanimal to produce and understand sentences solely in terms of
understand-ing the meanings of the
words or morphemes and the way
in whichtheyare combined and recombined. For
instance, English speakers understandthe difference between “John loves
Mary” and “Mary loves John” becausealthough the words are the same, the
sentences are composed differently.
Generativity
The feature of generativity
is the capacity to constantly
produce newsentences in which rules are applied repeatedly. These rules are
known asrecursive rules. Thus we can have not only a relative clause,but a
relativeclause attached to
a relative clause,
and then another
relative clause at-tached to that relative clause, e.g., “I
met a man who knew my mother whenshe lived in Kansas City, where they have a
large baseball team...” The num-ber of relative clauses that can be added is
indefinite. Owingto these threefeatures, syntax, i.e., the inner syntax of a
sentence, is anenormously pow-erful addition which provides an expressive power
inconceivable to animalsthat can have only representations. The morphemes
preservetheir identityunder transformation, the total unit is compositional,
i.e., the meaning ofthe sentence can be computed from knowing the meanings of
theparts inthe structure, and normal human language is generative, in the sense
thatit has recursive rules that can be applied repeatedly. We do not know how
itoccurred that these three crucial elements appeared so thathuman beingsbegan
to have language. We do know that the following must have evolved insome order:
speaker meaning (which some animals have); speaker meaningin representations, not
merely expression; conventions;
and an inner
syn-tax, i.e., a set of elements which enables us to distinguish between
referenceand predication and which has discreteness, compositionality, and for
fullydeveloped human languages, generativity.
Q.2.
Critically discuss Das, Naglieri and Kirby’s PASS theory.
Q. 3. Explain the barriers to problem solving.
SECTION – B
Answer the
following questions in 400 words each.
4. Describe the levels of processing model by Craik and Lockhart.
5. Explain the factors affecting problem solving.
6. Discuss Guilford’s model of intelligence.
7. Define creativity. Describe the stages of creativity.
8. Explain the key issues in the study of cognitive psychology.
SECTION – C
Answer the
following questions in 50 words each.
9. Seven primary factors given by Thurstone
10. Aspects of creativity
11. Heuristics
12. Long term memory
13. Role of hippocampus in memory
14. Four principles of information processing
15. Neuroscience and cognitive psychology
16. Problem space hypothesis
17. Means-ends analysis
18. Types of problems
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Submission Date :
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· 30th Sept, 2023 (if
enrolled in the January 2023 session).
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MPC 001 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, LEARNING AND MEMORY Assignment 2022-23 Before attempting the assignment, please read the following instructions carefully.
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MPC 001 Solved Assignment 2022-23 You will find it
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which they are based. Make some points regarding each question and then
rearrange these in a order. And
please write the answers in your own words. Do not reproduce passages from the
units.
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2. Organisation: Be a little more selective and analytic
before drawing up a rough outline of your answer. In an essay-type question,
give adequate attention to your introduction and conclusion. The introduction
must offer your brief interpretation of the question and how you propose to
develop it. The conclusion must summarise your response to the question. In the
course of your answer, you may like to make references to other texts or critics as this will add some depth
to your analysis.
3. Presentation: Once you are satisfied with your answers,
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