IGNOU DNHE-002 Important Questions With Answers 2026

IGNOU DNHE-002 Important Questions With Answers 2026

Free IGNOU DNHE-002 Important Questions June/Dec 2026 Download Pdf, IGNOU DNHE-002 संज्ञानात्मक मनोविज्ञान, अधिगम और स्मृति Important Questions Completed Important Questions for the current session of the MPC Programme Program for the years June/Dec 2026 have been uploaded by IGNOU. Important Questions for IGNOU DNHE-002 students can help them ace their final exams. We advise students to view the Important Questions paper before they must do it on their own.

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Block-wise Top 10 Important Questions for DNHE-002

We have categorized these questions according to the IGNOU Blocks

Question 1

a) Name any two population parameters influencing public health. (2 marks)

Answer:

1. Population growth rate: Affects resource allocation and healthcare infrastructure.

2. Age distribution: Influences disease prevalence and healthcare needs (e.g., aging populations require more chronic disease management).

b) List one spacing method and one terminal method of family planning. (2 marks)

Answer:

Spacing method: Intrauterine device (IUD).
Terminal method: Sterilization (e.g., tubectomy or vasectomy).

c) Identify the three factors that interact for a disease/infection to occur. (3 marks)

Answer:

1. Agent: The pathogen causing the disease (e.g., bacteria, virus).

2. Host: The individual susceptible to the disease (e.g., immunocompromised person).

3. Environment: Conditions facilitating disease spread (e.g., poor sanitation).

d) Identify the vaccine provided at birth and at 9 months. (2 marks)

Answer:

At birth: BCG vaccine (for tuberculosis).
At 9 months: Measles vaccine.

e) Explain the rainwater harvesting technique. (2 marks)

Answer: Rainwater harvesting involves collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops, surfaces, or catchments for domestic or agricultural use. It typically uses storage tanks or underground reservoirs to conserve water, reducing dependency on groundwater and mitigating water scarcity.

f) Name the disease indicative of poor oral hygiene and a bacterial infection of beard hair follicles. (2 marks)

Answer:

Poor oral hygiene: Dental caries.
Bacterial infection of beard hair follicles: Sycosis barbae.

g) Name diseases caused by: (3 marks)

(i) Nutrient deficiency: Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency).
(ii) Food and nutrient-related causes alongside other causes: Coronary heart disease (poor diet and lifestyle factors like smoking).
(iii) No direct food or nutrient-related cause: Malaria (caused by mosquito bites).

h) Provide one example each of high-fibre and low-fibre food. (2 marks)

Answer:

High-fibre food: Apple.
Low-fibre food: White rice.

i) Describe how to prepare ORT solution at home with simple measures. (2 marks)

Answer: To prepare oral rehydration therapy (ORT) solution at home, mix 6 teaspoons of sugar and half a teaspoon of salt in 1 litre of clean, boiled water. Stir until dissolved and administer in small sips to prevent dehydration during diarrhoea.

Question 2

a) Discuss the use of morbidity and mortality measures in public health nutrition, highlighting measures and their applications. (10 marks)

Answer:
Morbidity and mortality measures are critical in public health nutrition to assess disease burden and plan interventions. Morbidity measures include:

1. Incidence rate: Number of new cases of a nutrition-related disease (e.g., anemia) in a population over time, helping identify emerging health issues.

2. Prevalence rate: Total cases (new and existing) of a condition (e.g., obesity) at a given time, indicating disease spread and resource needs.

Mortality measures include:

1. Infant mortality rate (IMR): Deaths of infants under 1 year per 1,000 live births, reflecting malnutrition and healthcare access.

2. Maternal mortality rate (MMR): Deaths of mothers during pregnancy or within 42 days post-delivery per 100,000 live births, linked to nutritional deficiencies like anemia.

Applications: These measures guide policy-making by identifying high-risk groups (e.g., malnourished children), prioritizing interventions (e.g., fortification programs), and evaluating program effectiveness (e.g., reduced IMR post-nutrition campaigns). For instance, high anemia prevalence may prompt iron supplementation programs, while elevated MMR could lead to improved maternal nutrition services. By tracking trends, public health officials allocate resources efficiently, design targeted nutrition programs, and monitor progress toward goals like reducing malnutrition-related deaths.

b) Discuss the effect of family planning on the health and nutrition of population groups. (10 marks)

Answer:
Family planning significantly enhances the health and nutrition of population groups by controlling population growth and improving resource allocation.
Maternal health benefits: Spacing births through methods like IUDs reduces maternal depletion syndrome, ensuring better nutrient reserves (e.g., iron, folate), lowering risks of anemia and maternal mortality. For example, adequate birth intervals allow mothers to recover nutritionally, improving pregnancy outcomes.
Child health and nutrition: Fewer children mean families can allocate more food and resources per child, reducing malnutrition risks like stunting or wasting. Programs like India’s National Family Planning Programme promote contraception, enabling smaller family sizes.
Socioeconomic impact: Family planning reduces economic strain, allowing families to invest in quality food and healthcare, improving overall nutritional status. For instance, smaller families in rural India can afford nutrient-rich diets, reducing deficiencies like vitamin A or protein-energy malnutrition.
Community-level benefits: Lower population growth eases pressure on public health systems, ensuring better access to nutrition programs like ICDS. However, cultural barriers and limited access to contraceptives in some regions may hinder effectiveness. Overall, family planning fosters healthier, better-nourished populations by enabling optimal resource distribution and reducing nutritional stress.

Question 3

a) Reservoir and sources of infection (5 marks)

Answer:
A reservoir of infection is a living or non-living entity where a pathogen naturally lives, grows, and multiplies, such as humans, animals, or environmental sources like soil. For example, dogs are reservoirs for rabies, harboring the virus.
A source of infection is the point from which the pathogen is transmitted to a host, such as contaminated food, water, or an infected person. For instance, in typhoid, the reservoir may be a human carrier, while the source is contaminated water. Reservoirs sustain pathogens long-term, while sources are immediate transmission points. In malaria, mosquitoes are both reservoirs (where Plasmodium multiplies) and sources (biting humans). Understanding reservoirs helps target disease control (e.g., vaccinating dogs for rabies), while identifying sources aids in breaking transmission chains (e.g., water purification for typhoid). Effective public health strategies focus on eliminating reservoirs (e.g., treating carriers) and controlling sources (e.g., sanitation improvements) to prevent outbreaks.

b) Modes of transmission of infection (5 marks)

Answer:
Infections spread through various modes of transmission, categorized as direct and indirect. Direct transmission includes:

1. Contact: Skin-to-skin spread, e.g., scabies via touch.

2. Droplet: Respiratory droplets, e.g., tuberculosis spread by coughing.
Indirect transmission includes:

3. Vehicle-borne: Via contaminated food, water, or objects (fomites), e.g., cholera through polluted water.

4. Vector-borne: Through insects, e.g., malaria via mosquitoes.

5. Airborne: Pathogens in air, e.g., measles.
For example, in typhoid, Salmonella typhi spreads via contaminated food/water (vehicle-borne). Preventive measures include hygiene (handwashing for contact transmission), vector control (mosquito nets for malaria), and air purification (masks for airborne diseases). Identifying transmission modes is crucial for designing interventions like vaccination campaigns or sanitation programs to break the chain of infection and reduce disease spread in communities.

c) Hydrological cycle (5 marks)

Answer:
The hydrological cycle (water cycle) describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below Earth’s surface, driven by solar energy. It involves several stages:

1. Evaporation: Water from oceans, rivers, and lakes turns into vapor.

2. Condensation: Vapor cools to form clouds.

3. Precipitation: Water falls as rain, snow, or hail.

4. Runoff and Infiltration: Water flows into rivers or seeps into groundwater.
For example, rainwater collected in reservoirs supports drinking water supply. The cycle maintains water availability for human consumption, agriculture, and sanitation, critical for public health. Contamination during runoff (e.g., by sewage) can spread diseases like cholera. Proper management, such as rainwater harvesting, ensures clean water access, reducing waterborne infections. Protecting the hydrological cycle through pollution control and sustainable practices is vital for health.

d) Methods of purification of water (5 marks)

Answer:
Water purification removes contaminants to make water safe for drinking. Common methods include:

1. Boiling: Kills pathogens like bacteria (e.g., E. coli) by heating water to 100°C for 1-3 minutes.

2. Filtration: Removes particles using sand or ceramic filters, e.g., household water purifiers.

3. Chlorination: Adds chlorine to kill microbes, widely used in municipal water supplies.

4. Reverse Osmosis: Forces water through a membrane to remove dissolved salts and pathogens, effective for desalination.
For example, chlorination prevents cholera outbreaks in urban areas. These methods ensure safe water, reducing waterborne diseases. Community-level interventions like installing filtration plants and educating about boiling water enhance public health by preventing infections like typhoid and dysentery.

Question 4

a) Explain the concept of nutrition care and your role in preventive health care. (7 marks)

Answer:
Nutrition care involves assessing, planning, and implementing dietary interventions to maintain or improve health and manage diseases. It includes evaluating nutritional status, identifying deficiencies (e.g., anemia), and designing diets tailored to individual needs, such as low-sodium diets for hypertension. It aims to promote optimal health, prevent nutrition-related diseases, and support recovery. Your role in preventive health care includes:

1. Education: Teaching communities about balanced diets rich in micronutrients (e.g., vitamin A to prevent night blindness).

2. Screening: Identifying at-risk groups (e.g., pregnant women for folate deficiency) for early intervention.

3. Counseling: Guiding individuals on healthy eating habits to prevent obesity or diabetes.

4. Community programs: Promoting initiatives like school feeding programs to combat malnutrition.
For example, advising pregnant women on iron-rich foods prevents anemia, reducing maternal mortality. By integrating nutrition care into preventive strategies, you help reduce disease burden and enhance community health.

b) Describe types of dietary modifications required in disease management with examples. (8 marks)

Answer:
Dietary modifications in disease management adjust food intake to alleviate symptoms, support recovery, and prevent complications. Key types include:

1. Energy modification: Adjusting calorie intake, e.g., low-calorie diet for obesity (restricting sugary foods) or high-calorie diet for malnutrition (adding nutrient-dense foods like milk).

2. Nutrient modification: Altering specific nutrients, e.g., low-sodium diet for hypertension (avoiding salty snacks) or high-iron diet for anemia (including spinach).

3. Consistency modification: Changing food texture, e.g., clear liquid diet (broth) for post-surgical patients or soft diet (mashed potatoes) for gastritis.

4. Elimination diets: Removing allergens, e.g., gluten-free diet for celiac disease (avoiding wheat).

5. Frequency modification: Adjusting meal timing, e.g., small, frequent meals for diabetes to stabilize blood sugar.
For instance, in coronary heart disease, a low-fat, high-fibre diet (e.g., oats, vegetables) reduces cholesterol. These modifications are tailored to disease-specific needs, improving outcomes and quality of life.

c) List major principles of dietary management for coronary heart disease. (5 marks)

Answer:

1. Low saturated fat: Reduce intake of fatty meats and full-fat dairy to lower cholesterol.

2. High fibre: Include whole grains (e.g., oats) and vegetables to improve heart health.

3. Low sodium: Limit salt to control blood pressure (e.g., avoid processed foods).

4. Moderate calories: Maintain healthy weight to reduce heart strain.

5. Omega-3 fatty acids: Include fish like salmon to reduce inflammation and risk of heart attack.

Question 5

a) Define substance abuse and describe its effects on the body with examples. (10 marks)

Answer:
Substance abuse is the harmful or excessive use of psychoactive substances like alcohol, drugs, or tobacco, leading to physical, mental, or social harm. Effects on the body include:

1. Alcohol: Causes liver cirrhosis (e.g., fatty liver from chronic drinking), impairs brain function (memory loss), and increases accident risk.

2. Tobacco: Leads to lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and heart disease due to nicotine and tar.

3. Opium: Causes respiratory depression, constipation, and addiction, impacting overall health (e.g., weight loss from reduced appetite).

4. Cocaine: Increases heart rate, risking heart attack, and causes neurological damage (e.g., seizures).
These substances disrupt nutrient absorption (e.g., alcohol reduces vitamin B absorption), leading to deficiencies like thiamine deficiency in alcoholics (causing beri-beri). Substance abuse also weakens immunity, increasing infection risk, and affects mental health, leading to depression or anxiety, further impacting nutritional status and overall well-being.

b) Discuss prevention and management of: (i) Typhoid (5 marks), (ii) Any one parasitic infestation (5 marks)

(i) Typhoid:

Prevention: Ensure safe drinking water (boiling/chlorination), proper sanitation, and handwashing. Vaccination (Typhoid conjugate vaccine) protects high-risk groups. Avoid contaminated food (e.g., raw vegetables).
Management: Administer antibiotics like ciprofloxacin (under medical supervision). Provide a high-calorie, soft diet (e.g., porridge) to support recovery. Maintain hydration with ORT or IV fluids. Monitor for complications like intestinal perforation.

(ii) Hookworm infestation:

Prevention: Promote wearing footwear to avoid soil contact, improve sanitation (latrines), and treat infected individuals to reduce transmission. Health education on hygiene is key.
Management: Administer anti-parasitic drugs like albendazole. Provide iron supplements and a high-protein diet (e.g., eggs) to address anemia caused by blood loss. Regular deworming in endemic areas prevents reinfection.

Question 6 (20 marks)

a) Differentiate between food infection and food intoxication with examples. (5 marks)

Answer:
Food infection: Caused by consuming food contaminated with live pathogens that multiply in the body. Example: Salmonellosis (from Salmonella in undercooked poultry), causing fever, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain.
Food intoxication: Results from toxins produced by pathogens in food before consumption. Example: Botulism (from Clostridium botulinum toxin in canned foods), causing paralysis and nausea.
Difference: Infection involves pathogen growth in the host, while intoxication results from pre-formed toxins; incubation is longer in infections.

b) Explain salmonella food poisoning, including causative agent, source, transmission, signs, and symptoms. (5 marks)

Answer:
Causative agent: Salmonella typhi or non-typhoidal Salmonella (e.g., S. enteritidis).
Source: Contaminated food (poultry, eggs, dairy) or water.
Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated food/water, often due to poor hygiene or undercooking.
Signs and symptoms: Fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, nausea, and vomiting within 6-72 hours of exposure, lasting 4-7 days.
Control: Cook food thoroughly, maintain hygiene, and ensure safe water supply.

c) Describe and explain control/prevention of: (i) Ergotism (5 marks), (ii) Aflatoxicosis (5 marks)

(i) Ergotism:

Description: Caused by consuming grains (e.g., rye) contaminated with Claviceps purpurea fungus, producing ergot alkaloids. Symptoms include convulsions, hallucinations, and gangrene due to vasoconstriction.
Control/Prevention: Inspect and clean grains before processing, store grains in dry conditions to prevent fungal growth, and educate farmers on proper storage. Regulatory checks on grain quality reduce risks.

(ii) Aflatoxicosis:

Description: Caused by aflatoxins from Aspergillus fungi in crops like peanuts and maize, leading to liver damage, jaundice, and increased cancer risk.
Control/Prevention: Store crops in dry, ventilated conditions, use antifungal agents, and test food for aflatoxins. Public awareness and crop rotation reduce contamination risks.

Question 7

a) Provide one example each of: (4 marks)

(i) Skin infection: Ringworm (fungal infection).
(ii) Insect infestation: Scabies (caused by mites).
(iii) Eye infection: Conjunctivitis (bacterial/viral).
(iv) Ear infection: Otitis media (bacterial infection).

b) Describe how to manage each condition listed in (a). (16 marks, 4 marks each)

(i) Ringworm: Apply antifungal creams (e.g., clotrimazole) for 2-4 weeks. Maintain hygiene, avoid sharing towels, and keep skin dry to prevent spread. Oral antifungals may be needed for severe cases. Educate on avoiding contact with infected individuals.
(ii) Scabies: Use topical permethrin or oral ivermectin to kill mites. Wash bedding and clothes in hot water. Treat close contacts to prevent reinfestation. Avoid scratching to prevent secondary infections.
(iii) Conjunctivitis: For bacterial conjunctivitis, use antibiotic eye drops (e.g., erythromycin). For viral, maintain hygiene and avoid touching eyes. Cold compresses reduce discomfort. Seek medical advice for persistent cases.
(iv) Otitis media: Administer antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin) for bacterial infections. Pain relief (paracetamol) and warm compresses help. Avoid water entry in ears. Follow up to prevent complications like hearing loss.

Question 8

Write short notes on any four:

a) Different levels of health care in India
India’s healthcare system operates at three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary health care (PHC) is the first contact point, delivered through sub-centres and PHCs in rural areas, focusing on preventive care, vaccinations, and basic treatment (e.g., for diarrhoea). Secondary health care includes community health centres (CHCs) and district hospitals, providing specialized services like surgery and obstetrics for referred cases (e.g., complicated deliveries). Tertiary health care comprises advanced facilities like medical colleges and super-specialty hospitals, offering complex treatments (e.g., cardiac surgery). Each level addresses specific needs: primary focuses on community health, secondary bridges gaps with specialized care, and tertiary handles critical cases. Integration ensures efficient healthcare delivery, though challenges like resource shortages persist.

b) Essential components of primary health care
Primary health care (PHC), as per the Alma-Ata Declaration, includes:

1. Health education: Promoting hygiene and nutrition (e.g., breastfeeding awareness).

2. Maternal and child health (MCH): Antenatal care and vaccinations.

3. Immunization: Preventing diseases like measles.

4. Treatment of common diseases: Managing diarrhoea with ORT.

5. Essential drugs: Providing affordable medicines.

6. Nutrition: Addressing deficiencies (e.g., vitamin A supplementation).
PHC emphasizes accessibility, affordability, and community participation, reducing disease burden through prevention and early intervention, as seen in India’s PHC network.

c) National AIDS Control Programme
The National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), launched by India’s Ministry of Health, aims to prevent and control HIV/AIDS. Key components include:

1. Prevention: Promoting safe sex (condom use) and blood safety.

2. Testing and counseling: Free HIV testing through ICTCs.

3. Treatment: Providing antiretroviral therapy (ART) to HIV-positive individuals.

4. Awareness: IEC campaigns to reduce stigma.
NACP phases (e.g., NACP-IV) focus on high-risk groups like sex workers and truck drivers, reducing HIV prevalence. Challenges include stigma and limited rural access, but ART expansion has improved outcomes.

d) Anti-poverty programme for rural poor
The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) targets rural poverty alleviation by providing income-generating assets and subsidies to below-poverty-line (BPL) families. It supports activities like dairy farming or small businesses, improving economic status and food security. For example, providing cattle to farmers increases income and milk access, reducing malnutrition. The program integrates with schemes like MGNREGA for wage employment. Challenges include inadequate implementation and corruption, but IRDP has uplifted many rural households by enhancing livelihoods and nutritional access.

e) Impact of human activity on the environment
Human activities like deforestation, industrialization, and urbanization degrade the environment, impacting health. Deforestation reduces air quality, increasing respiratory issues (e.g., asthma). Industrial pollution contaminates water, causing diseases like cholera. Urbanization leads to waste accumulation, fostering vector-borne diseases (e.g., dengue). Overuse of pesticides in agriculture causes soil degradation, reducing food quality. Mitigating measures include afforestation, waste management, and sustainable farming. Public health campaigns promoting recycling and clean energy reduce environmental health risks, ensuring safer living conditions.

(FAQs)

Q1. What are the passing marks for DNHE-002?

For the Master’s degree (DNHE), you need at least 40 out of 100 in the TEE to pass.

Q2. Does IGNOU repeat questions from previous years?

Yes, approximately 60-70% of the paper consists of topics and themes repeated from previous years.

Q3. Where can I find DNHE-002 Solved Assignments?

You can visit the My Exam Solution for authentic, high-quality solved assignments and exam notes.

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