100% Free IGNOU Meg-18 Solved Assignment 2024-25 Pdf / hardcopy
100% Free IGNOU Meg-18 Solved Assignment 2024-25 Pdf / hardcopy
Attempt any five questions. All questions carry equal marks.
1. Trace the history of colonialism in America and its impact on American poetry.
American poetry refers to the poetry of the United States. It arose first as efforts by American colonists to add their voices to English poetry in the 17th century, well before the constitutional unification of the Thirteen Colonies (although a strong oral tradition often likened to poetry already existed among Native American societies).
Most of the early colonists' work was similar to contemporary English models of poetic form, diction, and theme. However, in the 19th century, an American idiom began to emerge. By the later part of that century, poets like Walt Whitman were winning an enthusiastic audience abroad and had joined the English-language avant-garde. Much of the American poetry published between 1910 and 1945 remains lost in the pages of small circulation political periodicals, particularly the ones on the far left, destroyed by librarians during the 1950s McCarthy era.
Modernist poets like Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot (who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948) are often cited as creative and influential English-language poets of the first half of the 20th century.African American and women poets were published and read widely in the same period but were often somewhat prejudicially marginalized. By the 1960s, the Beat Movement and Black Mountain poets had developed new models for poetry and their contemporaries influenced the British Poetry Revival.
Towards the end of the millennium, consideration of American poetry had diversified, as scholars placed an increased emphasis on poetry by women, African Americans, Hispanics, Chicanos, Native Americans, and other ethnic groups. Louise Glück is the only contemporary American writer writing primarily poetry who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, while Bob Dylan, a folk-rock songwriter and poet, has been awarded the same prize.
As England's contact with the Americas increased after the 1490s, English explorers sometimes included verse with their descriptions of the New World up through 1650, the year of Anne Bradstreet's "The Tenth Muse", which was written in America (most likely in Ipswich, Massachusetts or North Andover, Massachusetts) and printed and distributed in London by her brother-in-law, Rev. John Woodbridge.
There are 14 such writers whom might be termed American poets (they had been to America and to different degrees, written poems or verses about the place). Early examples include a 1616 "testimonial poem" on the "sterling and warlike" character of Captain John Smith (in Barbour, ed. "Works") and Rev. William Morrell's 1625 "Nova Anglia" or "New England", which is a rhymed catalog of everything from American weather to his glimpses of Native American women
Then in May 1627, Thomas Morton of Merrymount – a Devon-born West Country outdoorsman, attorney at law, man of letters and colonial adventurer – raised a maypole to celebrate and foster success at his fur-trading settlement and nailed a "Poem" and "Song" (one a densely literary manifesto on how European and Native people came together there and must keep doing so for a successful America; the other a light "drinking song" also full of deeper American implications).
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2. Write short notes on:
a) American Spirot and Puritan Spirit
The "American Spirit" and the "Puritan Spirit" represent two distinct yet intertwined threads in the tapestry of American identity. Understanding their historical context, core values, and areas of clash and convergence can provide a deeper appreciation for the complexities of American culture.
The Puritan Spirit:
Origins and Beliefs: Emerging from the Protestant Reformation in 16th-century England, the Puritans sought a purer form of Christianity. They emphasized strict adherence to the Bible, plain living, and a strong work ethic.
Core Values:
Religious Fervor: Unyielding devotion to God and a desire to establish a "city upon a hill" – a model Christian society.
Moral Order: Strict adherence to moral codes, emphasizing discipline, self-denial, and suspicion of frivolity.
Community and Hierarchy: Strong sense of community, but with a clear social hierarchy based on piety and work ethic.
The American Spirit:
Evolution and Influences: The American Spirit is a multifaceted concept constantly evolving through historical experiences like the Enlightenment, the American Revolution, and westward expansion. It embodies themes of:
Individualism: The importance of self-reliance, self-invention, and the pursuit of opportunity.
Liberty and Equality: Belief in individual rights, freedom of expression, and the pursuit of happiness.
Democracy and Participation: Active engagement in shaping society and government.
Innovation and Progress: Embrace of change, invention, and optimism about the future.
Clash of Values:
Religious Restrictions vs. Individualism: The Puritan emphasis on strict religious codes clashed with the emerging American ideal of individual liberty and freedom of conscience.
Work Ethic vs. Materialism: The Puritan work ethic and focus on plain living ran counter to the later development of the American Dream, which emphasizes material success and upward mobility.
Community Control vs. Openness: The Puritan desire for a tightly knit, homogenous society contrasted with the American ideal of a melting pot, welcoming diversity and newcomers.
Convergence and Transformation:
Work Ethic as National Identity: The Puritan work ethic became a cornerstone of the American identity, associated with hard work and achievement.
Religious Fervor Transformed: The fervor for a "city upon a hill" was repurposed into a dedication to creating a more just and perfect society.
Moral Code with a Twist: The Puritan moral code evolved into a broader concern for social justice and ethical behavior.
Legacy:
The American Spirit and the Puritan Spirit continue to influence American culture:
Individualism vs. Community: The tension between individual rights and community needs remains a vital debate.
Religious Influence: While not as dominant, religious values still influence social and political discourse.
Striving for Progress: The American belief in progress and innovation continues to be a driving force.
Conclusion:
The American Spirit and the Puritan Spirit are not separate entities, but rather strands woven together. The Puritans laid the groundwork for certain values, and later generations transformed and adapted them to create a unique American identity. This ongoing conversation between tradition and change defines the American experience.
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b) American poetry today
American poetry today is diverse, experimental, and increasingly influenced by global and cultural issues. It reflects a range of voices and forms, blending traditional styles with contemporary themes, often addressing social justice, identity, politics, and personal experiences. The landscape of American poetry today is shaped by various movements and individual voices, as poets continue to explore new ways to express emotions, ideas, and societal concerns.
1. Diversity of Voices: American poetry today is marked by its rich diversity. Poets come from varied ethnic, racial, gender, and sexual identities, which influences the themes and perspectives in their work. There is a growing focus on amplifying marginalized voices, including those of Black, Indigenous, and Latinx poets, as well as LGBTQ+ voices. This inclusion leads to more expansive narratives about the American experience, reflecting the complexity of contemporary society.
2. Themes and Subjects: The themes explored in modern American poetry are vast. Poets often engage with pressing social and political issues, such as racial inequality, environmental challenges, gender identity, and immigration. Many poets are also concerned with exploring personal trauma, mental health, and the complexities of the human condition. These subjects often intersect with reflections on historical legacies and contemporary life, prompting poets to question societal norms and offer critique.
3. The Influence of Spoken Word and Performance: Spoken word poetry and performance poetry have gained prominence in the United States, particularly in urban settings. Poets often present their work in live performances, blending the power of oral tradition with written verse. This has led to an increased focus on rhythm, sound, and the emotional delivery of poetry. Performance poetry is also seen as a vehicle for social activism, where poets bring attention to important issues through public readings and events.
4. Innovation and Experimentation: Contemporary poets continue to push boundaries in terms of form, style, and language. There is a rise in the use of free verse, fragmented structure, and non-linear narratives, as poets challenge traditional forms like the sonnet or the villanelle. Technology also plays a role in shaping modern poetry, with many poets using social media and online platforms to distribute their work. Digital poetry, visual poetry, and collaborative writing projects are becoming increasingly common.
5. The Return to Political Engagement: American poetry today is often engaged with political movements, reflecting the current climate of protest and social change. Poets are responding to movements such as Black Lives Matter, Me Too, and environmental activism, using their work to engage in conversations about power, oppression, and resistance. These poems are not only personal but also serve as calls to action, urging readers to consider their own roles in society and in the fight for justice.
6. Notable Poets: Some of the prominent voices in American poetry today include poets like Claudia Rankine, Tracy K. Smith, Jericho Brown, Ocean Vuong, and Ada Limón. These poets represent a cross-section of American life and offer a range of styles and voices. Their work explores themes of identity, race, trauma, and healing, often blending personal and political concerns.
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3. Walt Whitman’s poem, “Song of Myself” is a social document engaging American national landscape – discuss.
Walt Whitman’s Song of Myself is often considered one of the most significant poems in American literature, not only for its innovative style and form but also for its profound engagement with the American national landscape. Through the poem, Whitman explores themes of individualism, democracy, and the American experience, positioning himself as both a representative of the people and an observer of the national identity. The poem reflects Whitman’s vision of America, capturing its diverse landscapes—geographical, social, and cultural—in a way that elevates the nation’s idealistic promises while acknowledging its flaws and contradictions.
1. Celebrating the American Landscape: Song of Myself is deeply embedded in the American landscape, both literally and symbolically. Whitman describes the physical terrain of America—its plains, forests, cities, and rivers—with a sense of awe and reverence. The poem’s sprawling, expansive structure mirrors the vastness of the American landscape, suggesting a connection between the natural environment and the nation’s democratic ideals. Whitman writes about nature not just as a backdrop but as a living entity that informs and shapes the American identity. He connects the land to the people who inhabit it, linking the growth and vitality of the nation to its diverse, expansive geography.
2. The American People as a Collective: Whitman uses Song of Myself to present a vision of America as a collection of individuals who are interconnected and united despite their differences. He emphasizes the idea of self, which in the poem represents both the individual and the collective American spirit. Whitman blurs the line between personal experience and national identity, suggesting that the individual’s identity is inseparable from the larger social and national fabric. The poem celebrates the voices and experiences of ordinary Americans, presenting them as integral to the larger national narrative. His inclusion of diverse characters, ranging from workers to soldiers, highlights the democratic inclusivity of the American experiment.
3. Democracy and the National Vision: Central to Song of Myself is Whitman’s celebration of democracy and equality. He envisions a society where every individual, regardless of social class, race, or background, has a voice and a role to play. Whitman’s belief in the democratic spirit is reflected in the poem’s open structure—there are no strict rules or boundaries, just a free-flowing exploration of thought and experience. His inclusive approach to poetry, where he blends high and low language, speaks to his desire for a national culture that embraces all aspects of society. In this sense, the poem serves as a social document that reflects the democratic ideals of America, asserting that the nation’s strength lies in its diversity and openness.
4. The Spiritual and Social Unity of America: Whitman’s Song of Myself explores the relationship between the individual and the collective in a way that emphasizes unity and interconnectedness. He envisions America not as a collection of separate entities but as a unified body, spiritually and socially intertwined. The poem’s repeated references to “I” and “we” suggest that the individual’s journey is part of a greater national and universal journey. Whitman uses the notion of the “self” to bridge the gap between personal experience and collective identity, positioning himself as a representative voice of the American nation, yet also transcending it by connecting with the broader human experience.
5. Engaging with Social Issues: While Song of Myself is often seen as a celebration of America’s vast potential, it also confronts the realities of the nation. Whitman does not shy away from issues such as slavery, social inequality, and the violence of war. His references to these subjects within the poem engage with the darker aspects of American history and society. Through these references, Whitman acknowledges the complexities and contradictions of the American experiment, giving the poem a depth that reflects both the nation’s aspirations and its challenges.
Conclusion: Walt Whitman’s Song of Myself serves as a social document that engages with the American national landscape in a deeply symbolic and literal way. Through its celebration of nature, democracy, and individualism, the poem reflects the ideals and struggles of 19th-century America. Whitman’s vision of the nation is expansive, inclusive, and democratic, offering a nuanced portrayal of both its promise and its imperfections. As such, Song of Myself remains a foundational text in American literature, providing insight into the nation’s identity and its ongoing journey toward unity and equality.
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4. How does the choice of words in the poem “I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed” help to illustrate the idea of ‘self’ of the poet?
Emily Dickinson's poem "I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed" offers a glimpse into the speaker's unique and self-assured sense of self. The poem's word choice plays a crucial role in illustrating this concept. Here's how:
Sensory Explosion:
"Liquor Never Brewed" and "Tankards Scooped in Pearl": The opening lines introduce a drink unlike any other, suggesting the speaker's experience transcends the ordinary. "Tankards," typically associated with hearty beverages, juxtaposed with the delicate "Pearl," creates a sense of the extraordinary.
"Inebriate of Air" and "Debauchee of Dew": The speaker identifies as intoxicated by the very essence of nature - air and dew. These unconventional choices highlight the speaker's connection to and immersion in the natural world, a source of personal fulfillment distinct from traditional forms of intoxication.
Metaphorical Feast:
"Landscapes of the Noon": The speaker feasts not just on air and dew, but on the vastness and grandeur of the midday landscape. This metaphor emphasizes the speaker's ability to find nourishment and joy in the world around them, independent of external stimulation.
"Molten Blue" and "Foxglove's Door": These vivid descriptions create an immersive world, suggesting the speaker experiences the natural world with heightened senses and a deep appreciation for its beauty.
Audacious Independence:
"Landlords" and "Drunken Bee": The imagery of the bees being "turned out" by the "Landlords" (presumably referring to natural forces) suggests the bees are subject to external control. The speaker, in contrast, remains intoxicated throughout, showcasing their independence and ability to find sustenance on their own terms.
"Renounce their Drams" and "When Butterflies - Disdain their Quarts": By contrasting the speaker's indulgence with the "drams" and "quarts" of bees and butterflies, the poem emphasizes the speaker's self-sufficiency and unique way of experiencing the world.
Ethereal Celebration:
"Seraphs" and "Saints": These celestial beings come to witness the speaker's "drunkenness," suggesting the speaker's experience reaches a spiritual level, beyond the ordinary.
"Tippler Leaning against the Sun": The final image portrays the speaker as a carefree reveler, basking in the sun's warmth, further highlighting their unconventional yet joyful state of being.
Overall Effect:
The unconventional word choices create a sense of wonder and self-assuredness. The speaker's "liquor" is not alcohol, but a self-created intoxication derived from a deep connection with nature and a unique perspective on the world. They are not bound by societal norms or expectations, and their joy comes from within.
Additional Considerations:
Dickinson's Style: The poem's unique diction and use of dashes are characteristic of Dickinson's style, contributing to the speaker's eccentricity and unconventional nature.
Open to Interpretation: The poem's imagery allows for multiple interpretations. The "liquor" could represent inspiration, creativity, or a heightened awareness of the world.
Conclusion:
By delving into the poem's word choice, we gain a deeper understanding of the speaker's self. The unconventional language and imagery paint a portrait of a self that is self-sufficient, deeply connected to nature, and unafraid to embrace a unique way of experiencing the world. The poem celebrates a sense of self that is both singular and transcendent.
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5. Critically appreciate the poems, “ Home Burial” and “After apple Picking”.
"After Apple-Picking" is a poem by Robert Frost. Rural New England is a common setting for many of Frost's early poems, and this one is no exception. The poem is set after the speaker has finished a seemingly ordinary day of apple picking, and is now halfway to sleep and dreaming. While many of Frost's poems use strict iambic pentameter and a formal rhyme scheme, "After Apple-Picking" defies such regular rhythm and rhyme as it mimics the often disorienting process of falling asleep. The poem was included in North of Boston, Frost's second poetry collection. Published in 1914, North of Boston was widely praised and advanced Frost's reputation as a major voice in American poetry.
I left my tall two-legged ladder in a tree pointing toward the sky, and I also left an empty barrel next to it. There are probably a few apples left on some branch that I didn't pick, but I'm not apple picking anymore. The night is beginning to feel like winter and I can smell like apples. I'm falling asleep.
I can't stop picturing the strange image I saw while looking through a piece of ice that I picked up out of a water trough this morning, and looked through toward the frosty grass. It started to melt and I dropped it, but I was already starting to fall asleep before it hit the ground, and I knew what kind of dreams I was about to have: close-ups of apples fading in and out, some showing their tops and others showing the opposite ends. I can see every speck of brown and red coloring clearly.
The arch of my foot still aches, and in fact still feels the pressure of a ladder rung. I can still feel the ladder moving slightly as the apple tree's branches bend. I keep hearing the rumbling sound of loads upon loads of apples being rolled into the bin in the cellar. I'm sick of apple picking. I'm so tired, even though I'm the one who wanted this great harvest.
There were thousands upon thousands of apples I could have gently picked and made sure wouldn't fall to the ground. Any apples that touched the ground, even those that weren't bruised or dirtied by the fall, were considered worthless and only suitable for cider. You can see already why I'm going to have a restless sleep, if I even do sleep. If the woodchuck, were he not already hibernating for the winter, could tell me whether the sleep I feel coming is like his hibernation, or if it's just regular old human sleep.
Frost’s poem focuses on someone who’s exhausted after a long day’s work in an apple orchard. Drifting between wakefulness and sleep, the poem’s speaker replays the day’s events while feeling anxious about all the apples left unpicked. The poem reflects the often disorienting nature of falling asleep, and sleep itself is presented as neither restorative nor even restful. Instead, the poem suggests the ways that exhaustion serves only to reveal—and, indeed, to magnify—the speaker's worries.
The poem opens on an anxious note, as the speaker realizes that he or she has left behind a ladder "sticking through a tree" as well as plenty of ripe apples. Though it's the end of the day and the speaker is "done with apple-picking," the speaker can’t seem to let go of work, and fantastically, can still even smell the fruit in the night air.
It’s not entirely clear where the speaker is yet—whether still in the orchard or home in bed—and the tense of the poem keeps switching between the present and the past. This confusing setting is part of the point: the poem mirrors the discombobulation of drifting off to sleep, where reality and memory seem to intertwine. Indeed, as it becomes clearer that the speaker is in fact falling asleep, it's also clear that the speaker has little control over the images tumbling through his or her anxious mind. Instead the images come forth of their own accord, and in doing so compound the speaker's anxiety about having unfinished business in the orchard.
For example, the speaker dreamily recalls looking through a pane of ice lifted from the drinking trough earlier in the day. That the speaker can’t "rub" away the "strangeness" of this image again emphasizes the speaker's helplessness in this exhausted state, while the specific intrusion of ice is a reminder of the impending "winter sleep." Once again, this underscores the speaker's lingering worry surrounding work in the orchard (i.e., the unpicked apples, now left to fall as the seasons change).
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