FREE IGNOU MLI 004 NETWORKING AND INTERNET TECHNOLOGY SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2024-25
Answer
any two of the following in not more than 1000 words each
1. Define Computer network. Discuss components of a computer network
and important WAN technologies.
Computer Network
A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices
that can communicate and share resources with each other. These devices, known
as nodes, can include computers, servers, printers, and other hardware.
Networks are essential for sharing information and resources, enabling
communication, and improving efficiency and productivity in various settings,
from small businesses to large enterprises.
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| FREE IGNOU MLI 004 Networking and Internet Technology SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2024-25 |
Components of a
Computer Network
A computer network comprises several key components, each
playing a vital role in its functionality. These components include:
Nodes (Devices):
·
Computers:
Personal computers, laptops, and workstations that access and share resources.
·
Servers:
Machines that provide services such as data storage, email, and web hosting to
other network devices.
·
Printers
and Peripherals: Devices like printers, scanners, and external drives shared
among network users.
·
Mobile
Devices: Smartphones, tablets, and other portable devices that connect to the
network.
Networking Hardware:
·
Network
Interface Cards (NICs): Hardware that allows devices to connect to the network,
either wired or wirelessly.
·
Switches:
Devices that connect multiple devices within a local area network (LAN) and use
MAC addresses to forward data to the correct destination.
·
Routers:
Devices that route data between different networks, often connecting a LAN to a
wide area network (WAN) or the internet.
·
Hubs:
Basic devices that connect multiple Ethernet devices, making them act as a
single network segment.
·
Modems:
Devices that modulate and demodulate analog signals for digital data
transmission, typically used for internet access over telephone lines or cable
systems.
Transmission Media:
·
Wired
Media: Physical cables such as twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, and
fiber-optic cables that transmit data.
·
Wireless
Media: Technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and infrared that use
electromagnetic waves to transmit data without physical cables.
·
Network
Operating System (NOS):
·
Software
that manages network resources, facilitates communication between devices, and
provides security and user management. Examples include Microsoft Windows
Server, Linux, and Novell NetWare.
Protocols:
·
Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP): The foundational protocols for
internet and network communication, enabling data transmission across networks.
·
Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP): The protocol used for transferring web pages on the
internet.
·
File
Transfer Protocol (FTP): A standard network protocol used to transfer files
between a client and server.
·
Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): A protocol for sending emails.
·
Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP): A protocol that automatically assigns IP
addresses to devices on a network.
Network Topologies:
·
Bus
Topology: A single central cable (the bus) to which all network devices are
connected.
·
Star
Topology: All devices are connected to a central hub or switch.
·
Ring
Topology: Each device is connected to two other devices, forming a circular
data path.
·
Mesh
Topology: Every device is connected to every other device, providing multiple
paths for data transmission.
Important WAN
Technologies
Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect devices over large
geographical areas, often spanning cities, countries, or continents. Various
technologies are employed to ensure efficient and reliable communication over
such distances. Some important WAN technologies include:
Leased Lines:
Dedicated communication lines provided by telecommunications
companies for exclusive use by an organization. They offer high-speed, reliable
connections but can be expensive.
Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSTN):
The traditional telephone network that can be used for data
communication through modems. It is widely available but offers slower speeds
compared to modern technologies.
Integrated Services
Digital Network (ISDN):
A set of communication standards for simultaneous digital
transmission of voice, video, and data over traditional phone lines. It offers
faster speeds and better quality than PSTN.
Frame Relay:
A packet-switched technology that provides efficient data
transfer over WANs by dividing data into variable-sized packets. It is
cost-effective and suitable for bursty data traffic.
Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM):
A high-speed, cell-based switching technology that transmits
data in fixed-sized cells. It is suitable for real-time applications like video
and voice but can be complex and expensive.
Multiprotocol Label
Switching (MPLS):
A data-carrying technique that directs data from one network
node to the next based on short path labels rather than long network addresses.
It improves speed and efficiency, making it ideal for large-scale networks.
Synchronous Optical
Network (SONET):
A standardized digital communication protocol that uses
optical fiber to transmit large volumes of data at high speeds. It provides
high reliability and is widely used in backbone networks.
Digital Subscriber Line
(DSL):
A family of technologies that provide high-speed internet
access over telephone lines. It includes variations like ADSL (Asymmetric DSL)
and VDSL (Very-high-bit-rate DSL).
Cable Modem:
A device that provides internet access via cable television
networks. It offers high-speed connectivity and is widely used in residential
areas.
Satellite
Communication:
Uses satellites to provide internet and data communication
services, especially in remote and rural areas where terrestrial connections
are not feasible. It offers wide coverage but can have higher latency.
Virtual Private Network
(VPN):
A secure method of connecting to a private network over a
public network (such as the internet). It uses encryption and other security
measures to ensure data privacy and integrity.
5G Technology:
The latest generation of mobile network technology offering
ultra-fast speeds, low latency, and high capacity. It supports advanced
applications like IoT, autonomous vehicles, and augmented reality.
In conclusion, computer networks are fundamental to modern
communication and information sharing. They comprise various components,
including nodes, networking hardware, transmission media, network operating
systems, protocols, and topologies. WAN technologies play a crucial role in
connecting devices over large geographical areas, employing different methods
to ensure efficient, reliable, and secure data transmission. Understanding these
components and technologies is essential for designing, implementing, and
managing effective computer networks.
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3. What do you mean by Internet Protocol? Discuss various internet
protocols in detail.
Internet Protocol (IP)
The Internet Protocol (IP) is a fundamental protocol in the
suite of internet protocols used for transmitting data across networks. It is
responsible for addressing and routing packets of data so that they can travel
across networks and arrive at their intended destination. IP ensures that data
sent from one computer arrives correctly at another, even if the data has to
pass through multiple intermediary devices and networks.
Key Functions of
Internet Protocol
Addressing: IP assigns unique addresses to devices on a
network. These addresses are known as IP addresses and serve to identify
devices uniquely.
Packetization: IP breaks down data into smaller units called
packets. Each packet contains a portion of the data and the IP address of the
sender and receiver.
Routing: IP determines the best path for packets to travel
across a network to reach their destination. This involves passing packets
through routers and other network devices.
Reassembly: At the destination, IP ensures that packets are
reassembled into the original data.
Versions of Internet
Protocol
IPv4 (Internet Protocol
Version 4):
IPv4 is the fourth version of IP and the most widely used. It
uses a 32-bit address scheme, allowing for about 4.3 billion unique addresses.
An IPv4 address is typically written in dotted-decimal notation, such as
192.168.1.1.
Example IPv4 address:
192.168.0.1
IPv6 (Internet Protocol
Version 6):
IPv6 is the successor to IPv4, designed to address the issue
of IP address exhaustion. It uses a 128-bit address scheme, allowing for a
virtually unlimited number of unique addresses. IPv6 addresses are written in
hexadecimal notation and separated by colons.
Example IPv6 address:
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
Various Internet
Protocols
Internet protocols are rules and conventions for communication
between network devices. Here are some of the key internet protocols:
Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP):
Description: TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that
ensures reliable and ordered delivery of data between devices. It establishes a
connection before transmitting data and ensures that all packets arrive in the
correct order.
Use Case: Used for applications where data integrity is
crucial, such as web browsing (HTTP/HTTPS), email (SMTP), and file transfers
(FTP).
User Datagram Protocol (UDP):
Description: UDP is a connectionless protocol that does not
guarantee the delivery or order of packets. It sends packets called datagrams
without establishing a connection.
Use Case: Used for applications where speed is more critical
than reliability, such as video streaming, online gaming, and VoIP (Voice over
IP).
Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) and HTTPS (Secure HTTP):
Description: HTTP is the protocol used for transferring web
pages on the internet. HTTPS is the secure version of HTTP, which encrypts data
between the web server and the client using SSL/TLS.
Use Case: Used for accessing and transferring web content.
File Transfer Protocol
(FTP):
Description: FTP is a protocol used to transfer files between
a client and a server on a network. It supports file upload and download.
Use Case: Used for transferring large files, website
maintenance, and data backup.
Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP):
Description: SMTP is a protocol for sending email messages
between servers. It is used by email clients to send messages to a mail server.
Use Case: Used for sending emails.
Post Office Protocol
(POP) and Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP):
Description: POP and IMAP are protocols used by email clients
to retrieve emails from a mail server. POP downloads emails and removes them
from the server, while IMAP allows for email management directly on the server.
Use Case: Used for
receiving emails.
Domain Name System
(DNS):
·
Use
Case: Used for resolving domain names to IP addresses.
·
Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP):
·
Description:
DHCP is a protocol that automatically assigns IP addresses and other network
configuration parameters to devices on a network.
·
Use
Case: Used for managing and automating IP address assignment in networks.
Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMP):
Description: ICMP is used for network diagnostics and error
reporting. It is used by network devices to send error messages and operational
information.
Use Case: Used for diagnostic tools like ping and traceroute.
Secure Shell (SSH):
Description: SSH is a protocol used for securely accessing
and managing network devices and servers over an unsecured network.
Use Case: Used for secure remote login and command execution.
Detailed Discussion of
Key Protocols
Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP)
TCP is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol
Suite. It is designed to provide reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery
of data between applications running on hosts communicating via an IP network.
Major features of TCP include:
Connection Establishment: TCP uses a three-way handshake to
establish a connection between the sender and receiver before transmitting
data.
Data Integrity: TCP ensures data integrity through
error-checking mechanisms and retransmits lost packets.
Flow Control: TCP uses flow control to manage the rate of
data transmission between sender and receiver, preventing network congestion.
Congestion Control: TCP implements congestion control
algorithms to avoid overwhelming the network.
User Datagram Protocol
(UDP)
UDP is a simpler and faster protocol than TCP. It is used
when speed is more important than reliability. Key features of UDP include:
Connectionless Communication: UDP does not establish a
connection before sending data, resulting in lower latency.
No Guarantee of Delivery: UDP does not ensure that packets
are delivered or received in order.
Stateless: UDP does not maintain any state information about
the communication sessions.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/HTTPS)
HTTP is the foundation of data communication on the World
Wide Web. It is an application-layer protocol designed for transferring
hypertext documents. Key features include:
Request-Response Model: HTTP follows a request-response model
where a client sends a request to a server, and the server responds with the
requested resource.
Stateless Protocol: HTTP is stateless, meaning each request
from a client to a server is independent of previous requests.
Secure HTTP (HTTPS): HTTPS encrypts data using SSL/TLS,
providing confidentiality and integrity.
Domain Name System
(DNS)
DNS is a hierarchical and decentralized naming system used to
resolve domain names to IP addresses. Key features include:
Distributed Database: DNS uses a distributed database of name
servers to resolve queries.
Caching: DNS servers cache responses to improve performance
and reduce query load.
Domain Hierarchy: DNS organizes domain names in a
hierarchical structure, allowing for efficient management and resolution.
Conclusion
Internet Protocol (IP) is essential for enabling communication
and data transfer across networks. Various internet protocols, each serving
specific functions, work together to ensure reliable, efficient, and secure
communication. Understanding these protocols is crucial for network design,
management, and troubleshooting in modern network environments.
ii)
Answer any four of the following in not more than 500 words each
1) Write brief note on the network operating systems.
A Network Operating System (NOS) is specialized software that
manages and coordinates network resources, enabling multiple computers to
communicate, share resources, and operate cohesively within a network
environment. NOS provides essential services and functionalities required for
the smooth operation of a network, such as file and print sharing, user
management, security, and application services. Unlike traditional operating
systems designed for standalone computers, NOS is optimized for network
functionality and resource management.
Key Functions of
Network Operating Systems
Resource Sharing:
File Sharing: NOS allows multiple users to access and share
files across the network. It manages file permissions, ensuring that only
authorized users can access or modify files.
Printer Sharing: Printers and other peripherals can be shared
among network users, reducing the need for individual devices for each user.
User and Group
Management:
User Accounts: NOS provides tools to create and manage user
accounts, ensuring each user has a unique identity within the network.
Group Policies: It allows administrators to define policies
and permissions for user groups, simplifying the management of multiple users
with similar needs.
Security and Access
Control:
Authentication: NOS ensures that only authorized users can
access network resources through login credentials and authentication
mechanisms.
Authorization: It defines and enforces access control
policies, determining what resources users can access and what actions they can
perform.
Encryption: Some NOS offer encryption features to protect
data transmission across the network.
Communication Services:
Email Services: NOS often includes mail server
functionalities, enabling users to send and receive emails within the network.
Messaging Services: It supports real-time communication
through messaging and chat services.
Network Management:
Monitoring: NOS provides tools to monitor network
performance, track resource usage, and identify potential issues.
Configuration Management: It allows administrators to
configure and manage network settings, such as IP addresses, routing, and
network protocols.
Application Services:
Web Services: Many NOS include web server capabilities,
allowing hosting of websites and web applications.
Database Services: NOS can host database servers, providing
centralized data management and access for network applications.
Popular Network
Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows
Server:
Windows Server is a widely used NOS known for its
user-friendly interface and comprehensive set of features. It supports Active
Directory for user and resource management, provides robust security features,
and integrates seamlessly with other Microsoft products.
Linux-Based NOS:
Various Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu Server, CentOS,
and Red Hat Enterprise Linux, are popular choices for network operating systems.
They offer high flexibility, stability, and security, making them ideal for
diverse network environments. Linux NOS are often used for web servers,
database servers, and file servers.
UNIX-Based NOS:
UNIX-based operating systems, such as Solaris and AIX, are
known for their robustness, scalability, and performance. They are commonly
used in enterprise environments for critical applications and services.
Novell NetWare:
Novell NetWare was one of the pioneering network operating
systems, widely used in the 1980s and 1990s. Although its popularity has
declined, it introduced many fundamental networking concepts still in use
today.
Advantages of Network
Operating Systems
Centralized Management: NOS enables centralized management of
network resources, simplifying administration and maintenance tasks.
Improved Security: It provides robust security features,
ensuring that data and resources are protected from unauthorized access.
Enhanced Collaboration: NOS facilitates resource sharing and
communication, improving collaboration and productivity among users.
Scalability: Network operating systems are designed to scale
with the growing needs of an organization, supporting additional users and
resources.
Conclusion
Network Operating Systems are critical for managing and
optimizing network environments. They provide essential services and
functionalities that ensure efficient resource sharing, robust security, and
seamless communication within a network. Understanding the features and
capabilities of different NOS helps in selecting the right system for an
organization's networking needs, ultimately enhancing productivity and
operational efficiency.
2) Explain inter-library loan standards
3) Describe areas of resource sharing.
4) Explain criteria used for evaluation of websites by giving
suitable examples.
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MLI 004 NETWORKING AND INTERNET TECHNOLOGY Handwritten Assignment 2024-25
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Important Note - You may
be aware that you need to submit your assignments before you can appear for the
Term End Exams. Please remember to keep a copy of your completed assignment,
just in case the one you submitted is lost in transit.
Submission Date :
· 30
April 2025 (if enrolled in the July 2025 Session)
· 30th Sept, 2025 (if enrolled in the January
2025 session).
IGNOU Instructions for the MLI 004 NETWORKING AND INTERNET TECHNOLOGY
Assignments
MLI 004 ECONOMICS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Assignment 2024-25 Before attempting the assignment,
please read the following instructions carefully.
1. Read the detailed
instructions about the assignment given in the Handbook and Programme Guide.
2. Write your enrolment
number, name, full address and date on the top right corner of the first page
of your response sheet(s).
3. Write the course title,
assignment number and the name of the study centre you are attached to in the
centre of the first page of your response sheet(s).
4. Use only foolscap
size paper for your response and tag all the pages carefully
5. Write the relevant question
number with each answer.
6. You should write in your
own handwriting.
GUIDELINES FOR IGNOU Assignments 2024-25
MEG 02 ECONOMICS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Solved Assignment 2024-25 You will find it useful to keep the following points in
mind:
1. Planning: Read the questions carefully. Go through the units on which
they are based. Make some points regarding each question and then rearrange
these in a logical order. And please write the answers in your own words. Do
not reproduce passages from the units.
2. Organisation: Be a little more selective and analytic before drawing up a
rough outline of your answer. In an essay-type question, give adequate
attention to your introduction and conclusion. The introduction must offer your
brief interpretation of the question and how you propose to develop it. The
conclusion must summarise your response to the question. In the course of your
answer, you may like to make references to other texts or critics as this will
add some depth to your analysis.
3. Presentation: Once you are satisfied with your answers, you can write down
the final version for submission, writing each answer neatly and underlining
the points you wish to emphasize.
IGNOU Assignment Front Page
The top of the first page of
your response sheet should look like this: Get IGNOU Assignment Front page through. And
Attach on front page of your assignment. Students need to compulsory attach the
front page in at the beginning of their handwritten assignment.
ENROLMENT NO: …………………………
NAME: …………………………………………
ADDRESS: ………………………………………
COURSE TITLE: ………………………………
ASSIGNMENT NO: …………………………
STUDY CENTRE: ……………………………
DATE: ……………………………………………
MLI 004 NETWORKING AND INTERNET TECHNOLOGY Handwritten Assignment 2024-25
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