FREE IGNOU MHI 102 MODERN WORLD SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2024-25
SECTION A
1. Discuss the role of
French Revolution in the emergence of new political culture.
The French
Revolution, which began in 1789, played a pivotal role in shaping modern
political culture by challenging traditional systems of power and authority,
and introducing new ideas that would resonate through the centuries. Its impact
can be seen in the emergence of a new political culture that emphasized
liberty, equality, fraternity, and the sovereignty of the people, which laid
the foundation for democratic principles across the world.
1. Rise of Political
Ideals: The French Revolution
introduced radical ideas such as popular sovereignty, the separation of powers,
and individual rights. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen,
adopted in 1789, affirmed the principles of equality before the law, freedom of
speech, and the right to participate in government. These ideas not only
inspired the French people but also influenced political thought globally,
particularly in Europe and the Americas. They helped shift the focus of
politics from the divine right of kings to the rights and will of the people.
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| FREE IGNOU MHI 102 MODERN WORLD SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2024-25 |
3. Rise of Political
Clubs and Activism: The French
Revolution also saw the birth of political clubs such as the Jacobins and the
Girondins, where political debate flourished. These clubs became essential in
shaping public opinion and mobilizing popular support for revolutionary causes.
The idea of political activism, where citizens could engage in political
discussions and protests, became an integral part of the new political culture.
This emphasis on public participation created a political environment where
people's voices began to influence policies and governance.
4. Birth of
Nationalism: One of the key
consequences of the French Revolution was the rise of nationalism. As the
revolution progressed, the concept of the nation-state took root, with the
French people identifying themselves as citizens of a unified nation rather
than subjects of a monarchy. The idea of "the nation" being composed
of citizens who had equal rights became central to the revolutionary cause,
leading to the development of national identities and the concept of the modern
nation-state.
5. Secularism and the
Challenge to Religious Authority:
The Revolution challenged the long-standing role of the Catholic Church in
French politics. The Church had been a powerful political force, but during the
Revolution, the French government seized church property, declared the Civil
Constitution of the Clergy, and reduced the Church’s influence. This fostered
the development of secular political culture, where religious authority was
separated from state affairs. This shift toward secularism would go on to
influence political systems in many countries.
In conclusion, the
French Revolution played a crucial role in shaping a new political culture by
promoting the principles of democracy, political participation, nationalism,
and secularism. These ideas fundamentally transformed political thought and
governance structures, leading to the spread of revolutionary ideals throughout
Europe and beyond, and establishing the foundation for modern democratic
societies.
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2. Define welfare state.
How did the British policy progress from charity to welfare?
A welfare state is a
system in which the government plays a key role in protecting and promoting the
economic and social well-being of its citizens. It aims to reduce inequality,
provide basic needs such as healthcare, education, housing, and social
security, and offer financial assistance to those who are vulnerable or in
need. In a welfare state, the government typically intervenes in the economy
and society to ensure that citizens have a minimum standard of living,
regardless of their financial situation or social status.
Progress
of British Policy: From Charity to Welfare
The evolution of British
policy from charity to welfare represents a significant shift in the approach
to social care and the role of the government in supporting its citizens. This
progression can be divided into several key phases.
1. Charity-Based Approach
(Pre-19th Century): Before the 19th century, social welfare in Britain was
largely based on charitable efforts. The wealthy or religious institutions such
as churches and local parishes provided aid to the poor and destitute, but this
assistance was sporadic, limited, and often based on charity rather than
entitlement. The state's role in social welfare was minimal, and those in need
were often subjected to stigmatization, with charity being seen as a moral duty
rather than a systemic responsibility.
2. The Poor Law and Early
Welfare Reforms (19th Century): In the early 19th century, the Poor Law of 1834
marked a shift towards a more institutionalized approach to welfare. The law
aimed to reduce the financial burden on the state and encourage the poor to be
self-reliant by establishing workhouses where the poor could receive food and
shelter in exchange for labor. While this law was a step toward formalizing
welfare, it was often criticized for its harsh conditions and the idea that the
poor should be punished for their poverty.
In response to the social
changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution, several reform movements
emerged, advocating for better conditions for workers and the poor. The Factory
Acts (1833, 1844) and the Mines Act (1842) improved working conditions and
restricted child labor, signaling an early recognition by the state of its
responsibility to protect vulnerable groups.
3. The Role of Social
Insurance (Late 19th Century – Early 20th Century): The introduction of social
insurance in the late 19th and early 20th centuries marked another shift in
British welfare policy. Under the leadership of David Lloyd George, the
government began to develop policies that aimed to provide basic income
protection and public health for workers. The National Insurance Act of 1911 was
a landmark in this process, providing workers with sickness and unemployment
benefits and laying the groundwork for future welfare provisions. This shift
signified a move from charity-based assistance to a system where citizens
contributed to their welfare through taxes and social insurance.
4. The Post-War Welfare
State (1945 and Beyond): The most significant transformation came after World
War II, during the period of the Beveridge Report (1942). Sir William
Beveridge's report identified the "Five Giants" of Want, Disease,
Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness, and recommended the establishment of a
comprehensive welfare state to address these issues. The Labour government
under Clement Attlee, elected in 1945, acted on Beveridge’s recommendations,
creating the modern welfare state.
In 1948, the National
Health Service (NHS) was established, providing free healthcare for all
citizens, and a national system of social security was set up, offering
unemployment benefits, pensions, and financial aid for those with disabilities.
The government also undertook housing programs to address poor living
conditions and began to offer education to all children, regardless of their
social class.
5. Welfare State in the
Late 20th Century and Beyond: The welfare state continued to evolve in the
second half of the 20th century, although the scope of welfare provisions was
increasingly debated. The 1970s and 1980s saw the rise of conservative
policies, especially under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who advocated for
reducing the role of the state in welfare provision, emphasizing privatization
and individual responsibility. However, the welfare state in Britain remained
robust, with ongoing debates about the extent of state intervention and the
balance between welfare and individual rights.
In conclusion, British
welfare policy progressed from a charity-based system, where aid was sporadic
and conditional, to a more structured, rights-based approach that focused on
social security, healthcare, education, and housing. The welfare state became a
key feature of post-war British society, promoting the idea that the state
should guarantee the well-being of all citizens, especially those in need.
3. Describe the major
stages of formation of the Socialist Economy in the Soviet.
The formation of the
socialist economy in the Soviet Union was a complex and multifaceted process
that evolved through several major stages. It involved a transition from a
predominantly agrarian economy under Tsarist rule to a centralized, planned
economy under the Communist Party's leadership. Here are the major stages of
this transformation:
1. Pre-Revolutionary
Economy and the February Revolution (1917)
Before the Russian
Revolution of 1917, the Russian economy was predominantly agrarian, with an
industrial base that was limited in comparison to Western Europe. The Tsarist
regime maintained a feudal system with a rigid class structure, where most
peasants worked on large estates, and a small bourgeoisie was involved in
manufacturing and trade. Workers in the cities, particularly in industry, were
discontented with poor working conditions. The February Revolution of 1917 led
to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the establishment of a provisional
government. However, this government was unable to address the key demands of
the working class and peasants, such as land reforms and the end of Russia's
involvement in World War I.
2. October Revolution and
War Communism (1917-1921)
In October 1917, the
Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized power in the October Revolution. The
Bolsheviks' goal was to overthrow the capitalist system and establish a
socialist economy. The early years of Soviet rule were marked by the
implementation of War Communism (1918-1921), a set of emergency economic
measures to deal with the Russian Civil War (1917-1922) and economic collapse.
Key features of War Communism included the nationalization of all industries,
requisitioning of grain from peasants, and the centralization of economic
decision-making. The state's control over production and distribution was
extensive, but it led to severe food shortages, economic dislocation, and
widespread discontent, especially among the peasantry.
3. New Economic Policy
(NEP) (1921-1928)
After the civil war,
Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921, which marked a
temporary retreat from full socialism to a more mixed economy. Under the NEP,
small-scale private enterprises and market mechanisms were allowed to operate,
particularly in agriculture and trade. The state still controlled major industries,
banking, and transportation, but peasants were allowed to sell their produce on
the open market, and small businesses were permitted to operate. The NEP aimed
to stabilize the economy, recover from the devastation of the civil war, and
build a base for socialism. While the NEP led to economic recovery, it was seen
as a compromise, and eventually, it was abandoned by Joseph Stalin in favor of
more radical economic policies.
4. Stalin's
Collectivization and Industrialization (1928-1941)
In 1928, Joseph Stalin
began the First Five-Year Plan, which aimed to rapidly industrialize the Soviet
Union and collectivize agriculture. The policy of collectivization sought to
consolidate individual farms into large state-controlled collective farms
(kolkhozes) and state farms (sovkhozes). This was intended to increase
agricultural production and free up labor for industrial work. However,
collectivization led to widespread resistance, especially among wealthier
peasants (kulaks), and resulted in mass famine, particularly in Ukraine (the
Holodomor). Despite the human cost, Stalin's policies succeeded in rapidly
industrializing the country and creating a centralized, planned economy where
the state controlled all aspects of production, distribution, and pricing.
5. Post-World War II and
the Centralized Command Economy (1945-1991)
After World War II, the
Soviet Union emerged as a global superpower but continued to operate under a
highly centralized, state-controlled economy. The economy was based on a series
of Five-Year Plans that prioritized heavy industry, defense, and technological
advancements. The state continued to control the production of goods and
services, with little room for private enterprise. The government set
production quotas, and resources were allocated based on the priorities set by
the state. The system led to significant growth in sectors such as defense,
aerospace, and heavy industry but faced chronic inefficiencies, lack of
innovation, and neglect of consumer goods production.
Conclusion
The formation of the
socialist economy in the Soviet Union was marked by a series of radical shifts
from the initial promises of workers' control to a highly centralized,
state-directed system. The major stages included the radical changes during War
Communism, the temporary retreat with the NEP, and the aggressive
industrialization and collectivization policies under Stalin. By the time of
the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, the socialist economy was entrenched in a
system of central planning that controlled nearly all aspects of economic life
but was also plagued by inefficiencies and economic stagnation.
SECTION B
6. Write a note on the
rise and development of cold war.
7. Examine contribution
of modern education system in knowledge revolution.
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Submission Date :
· 30
April 2025 (if enrolled in the July 2025 Session)
· 30th Sept, 2025 (if enrolled in the January
2025 session).
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MHI 102 ECONOMICS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
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