Indian English Poetry
Indian English poetry refers to poetry written in English by
poets from the Indian subcontinent, including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and
Sri Lanka. This type of poetry is characterized by its use of the English
language and its engagement with themes and issues that are specific to the
Indian subcontinent, such as the effects of colonialism, the struggle for
independence, and the complexities of cultural identity.
Indian English poetry has a rich and varied history, with
roots in the colonial period and its aftermath. Early Indian English poets such
as Toru Dutt and Aru Duttaroy wrote about their experiences of colonialism and
the Indian independence movement, and their work laid the foundations for the
genre.
In the 20th century, Indian English poetry saw the rise of a
number of important poets, including Nissim Ezekiel, A.K. Ramanujan, and
Jayanta Mahapatra, who used their writing to engage with the political and
cultural issues of the day.
Indian English poetry has continued to flourish in the 21st
century, with poets such as Jeet Thayil, Imtiaz Dharker, and Arun Kolatkar, who
are exploring a range of themes and styles and making a significant
contribution to the genre.
Overall, Indian English poetry is a rich and diverse genre
that reflects the experiences and perspectives of poets from the Indian
subcontinent and engages with a range of political, cultural, and personal
themes.
What are the features of Indian English poetry
Indian English poetry has several key features that
distinguish it from other forms of English poetry:
- Engagement with Indian themes and issues: Indian English poetry often deals with themes and issues that are specific to the Indian subcontinent, such as the effects of colonialism, the struggle for independence, and the complexities of cultural identity.
- Use of Indian cultural references: Indian English poetry often makes use of Indian cultural references and draws on Indian mythology, folklore, and history to add depth and meaning to the poems.
- Experimentation with form and style: Indian English poetry often experiments with form and style, blending traditional Indian forms and styles with elements of modern Western poetry.
- Hybridity: Indian English poetry reflects the hybrid nature of Indian culture, combining elements of Indian and Western cultural influences to create a unique style.
- Engagement with language: Indian English poetry often engages with the complexities of the English language, exploring its limits and the possibilities of using it to convey Indian experiences and perspectives.
- Political engagement: Indian English poetry often has a political dimension, reflecting the poets' engagement with political and social issues and their desire to effect change through their writing.
Overall, Indian English poetry is a dynamic and evolving
genre that reflects the experiences and perspectives of poets from the Indian
subcontinent and engages with a range of political, cultural, and personal
themes. Its unique blend of Indian and Western influences, its engagement with
language and form, and its commitment to political engagement make it an
important and distinctive genre of English literature.
Nissim Ezekiel is viewed as a spearheading figure in present
day Indian English Poetry.His first book, An Opportunity to Change, was
distributed in 1952. The huge writers of the post-Derozio and pre-Ezekiel times
are Toru Dutt, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Sarojini Naidu, Sri Aurobindo and
Rabindranath Tagore. A portion of the outstanding writers of Ezekiel's time are
A. K. Ramanujan, R. Parthasarathy, Gieve Patel, Jayant Mahapatra, Dom Moraes,
Kamala Das, Keki N. Daruwalla, Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, Shiv K. Kumar, Arun
Kolatkar and Dilip Chitre. Rabindranath Tagore composed basically in Bengali
and made a little collection of work (essentially exposition) in English and
was liable for the interpretations of his own work into English.
Writers
Other striking twentieth century artists of English verse in
India incorporate Eunice De Souza, Gieve Patel, Kersy Katrak and P. Lal among
others. The more youthful age of writers writing in English are Abhay K, Adil
Jussawalla, A. J. Thomas, Anju Makhija, Anjum Hasan, Arundhathi Subramaniam,
Binay Laha, Dr. Abdul Wahab Sukhan, Hoshang Dealer, Madan Gopal Gandhi, Bibhu
Padhi, C. P. Surendran, Dileep Jhaveri, Anuradha Bhattacharyya, Gopi Kottoor,
Jayanta Mahapatra, Jeet Thayil, Sridala Master, Jerry Pinto, Urvashi Bahuguna,
K Srilata, K. V. Dominic, D. C. Chambial, T. Vasudeva Reddy, Makarand
Paranjape, Akhil Katyal, Mani Rao, Meena Kandasamy, Menka Shivdasani, Manohar
Shetty, Priya Sarukkai Chabria, Sharanya Manivannan, Ranjit Hoskote, Jaydeep
Sarangi, Jayanthi Manoj Robin Ngangom, Nitoo Das, Rukmini Bhaya Nair, S. Anand,
Salik Shah, Sudeep Sen, Sukrita Paul Kumar, Nalini Priyadarshni, ((Sreekanth
Kopuri)) Vijay Nambisan, Kumar Vikram, Durga Prasad Panda, Brian Mendonca, Syam Sudhakar, Vihang A. Naik, Tapan Kumar Pradhan, Amitabh Mitra and Yuyutsu
Sharma among others.
Present day exile Indian artists writing in English
incorporate Meena Alexander, Ravi Shankar, Sujata Bhatt, Tabish Khair, Vikram
Seth and Vijay Seshadri among others
ayanta Mahapatra: Jayanta Mahapatra is an outstanding
Indian poet of post-independence India. His poems explore intricate human
relationships. A major source for his poetry's vivid imagery is the landscape
of Orissa and surroundings. Mahapatra's acute and ironic observations of life
make his poetry appeal to all types of readers.
Sarojini Naidu: Sarojini Naidu (1829 – 1949) was one of
India's most famous female poets. Her work is noted for is expression of
various shades of romantic sensibilities and fervor. Her poems combine elements
of Indian culture and civilization and serve as mirrors to the time in which
she lived. The major themes of Sarojini Naidu's poems are search for pure love,
seeking comfort in natural beauty, and everyday experiences of life. Sarojini
Naidu was known as “the Nightingale of India."
Nissim Ezekiel: Nissim Ezekiel is one of the India's
most famous English poets. His poems integrate the complexities and anxieties
of urban life and depict ordinary human situations and relationships.The role
of religion, the clash of opposites in various forms, and search for identity
are his major concerns as a poet.
Sri Aurobindo Ghosh: Aurobindo Gosh is one of the few
Indian poets who could blend both western and eastern poetic sensibilities. He
was master of all poetry genres. His poems, which touch on metaphysical themes,
express his ardent philosophy of life and mystic thoughts. They are not only
pleasing and moving, but inspiring and elevating. Aurobindo showed excellent
narrative and lyrical poetic skills. His most famous works are “The Life
Divine,” "Savitri,” Six Poems, and Collected Poems and Plays.
Kamala Das: Kamala Das (Kamala Surayya) is the most
famous female English-language poet in India. Her poems appear in the syllabi
of literary studies courses at many international universities. Her work is the
ardent expression of a very sensitive soul always on the search for pure and
intense love without restrictions. Many critics have observed that her writing
can be termed "confessional" and "feminist to the core,"
but others say her work is above any classification.
A.K. Mehrortra: A. K. Mehrotra is one of the best-known
poet in India. His poems are ironical depictions of modern reality with a touch
of surrealism. His fame rests in the use of conversational tone, transparent
imagery, and geographical description. A. K. Mehrotra's noted works are
"Nine Enclosures," and "Middle Earth."
Gieve Patel: Gieve Patel depicts contemporary reality
with pungent humour and a crude sense of irony. He is noted for his ability to
transform ordinary events into heart stirring poems. A number of Gieve Patel's
poems deal with issues of the downtrodden and their search for identity. His
well known works are How Do You Withstand, Body and Mirrored, Mirroring.
Keki N. Daruwalla: Gieve Patel is an Indian Parsi poet,
playwright, painter, as well as a practising physician. He belongs to a group
of writers who have subscribed themselves to the 'Green Movement' which is
involved in an effort to protect the environment. His poems speak of deep
concerns for nature and expose man's cruelty to it. (Wikipedia)
A.K. Ramanujan: A.K. Ramaujan is a well known bilingual
poet who writes both in English and Kannada. His poetry expresses “an Indian
sensibility sharpened and conditioned by western education.” He is considered a
"perfect poet," as he uses language, images, and varied themes
effortlessly. Irony is his forte. His most acclaimed works are “The Striders,”
“Relations," and ”Poems.”
Rabindranath Tagore: Rabindra Nath Tagore (1861- 1941)
was one of the greatest writers in the history of Indian literature. He won the
Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. Though he wrote in almost all literature
genres, it is as a poet he was internationally recognized. The Irish poet W.B.
Yeats introduced Tagore to western readers. Tagore was the first Indian poet to
gain a permanent place in the canon of world literature. His poems express
intense romantic and mystic sensibilities and can be compared to those of
William Wordsworth and William Blake for their mystic and romantic spirit.
Gitanjali is considered as his masterpiece and his most famous collection is
The Gardener, Fruit Gathering, Fugitive, and other poems.
Who were The Bengal Renaissance
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