Describe the steps and techniques in modifying dysfunctional attitudes
Modifying dysfunctional attitudes involves several steps and
techniques, which can include the following:
Identifying and becoming aware of negative thoughts and
attitudes. This can be done through journaling, self-reflection, or therapy.
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Describe the steps and techniques in modifying dysfunctional
attitudes
Analyzing the thought patterns to determine if they are
irrational or unrealistic. This can be done by questioning the evidence for and
against the thought, and looking at whether the thought is based on a logical
or a emotional perspective.
- Challenging and refuting the negative thoughts by evaluating them against reality. This can be done by identifying the distortions in thought and replacing them with more balanced and realistic thinking.
- Practicing cognitive restructuring, which involves replacing negative thoughts with more positive and constructive ones.
- Engage in activities that you enjoy and that have been effective in reducing stress, such as exercise, meditation, or yoga.
- Building a supportive network of family and friends who can provide a positive perspective and encouragement.
- Seek professional help if the negative thoughts persist, such as counseling, therapy or coaching.
It's important to note that attitude modification takes time
and effort, it can be challenging and requires consistency, but the end result
is more positive and realistic view of self, others and world.
Describe the steps and techniques in modifying dysfunctional
attitudes
Dysfunctional Attitude Scale is one of the
most common instruments used to assess cognitive vulnerability. This study
aimed to develop and validate a short form of Dysfunctional Attitude Scale appropriate
for an Iranian clinical population. Participants were 160 psychiatric patients
from medical centers affiliated with Isfahan Medical University, as well as 160
non-patients. Research instruments were clinical interviews based on the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV-TR, Dysfunctional Attitude Scale and
General Heath Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Data was analyzed using multicorrelation
calculations and factor analysis. Based on the results of factor analysis and
item-total correlation, 14 items were judged candidates for omission. Analysis
of the 26-item Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS-26)
revealed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.92. Evidence for the concurrent criterion
validity was obtained through calculating the correlation between the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale and
psychiatric diagnosis (r = 0.55), GHQ -28 (r = 0.56) and somatization, anxiety,
social dysfunction, and depression subscales (0.45,0.53,0.48, and 0.57,
respectively). Factor analysis deemed a four-factor structure the best. The
factors were labeled as success-perfectionism, need for approval, need for
satisfying others, and vulnerability-performance evaluation. The results showed
that the Iranian version of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS-26)
bears satisfactory psychometric properties suggesting that this cognitive
instrument.
As generally present cognitive constructions in humans,
attitudes influence thoughts, emotions and behavior. They may become
dysfunctional while maladaptive patterns of reactions occur and perpetuate when
encountering environmental stimuli, resulting in incapability to mobilise
resources in order to maintain optimal functioning. Dysfunctional attitudes are
overgeneralised, inconsistent, unrealistic beliefs organized into a continuum
regarding the individual’s self, the world and the future (Beck, Rush, Shaw,
& Emery, 1979). Appearing in mentally healthy individuals as well as in
people with diagnosed mental disorders (i.e. depression and anxiety disorders),
they develop during adapting to stressful life events. Extensive research
investigating depression found that dysfunctional attitudes are not only
maintaining/covarying factors of depressive symptoms, but also predictors of
depressive relapse and predictors of depressive episode frequency (Brouwer,
Williams, Forand, DeRubeis, & Bockting, 2019; Ingram, Miranda, & Segal,
1998;
Describe the steps and techniques in modifying dysfunctional
attitudes
Scher, Ingram, & Segal, 2005; Scotte, 1995; Thase &
Simons, 1992; Theasdal & Dent, 1987). Therefore, measuring dysfunctional
attitudes is also a clinically relevant question. In contrast with the majority
of questionnaires assessing dysfunctional attitudes and beliefs that target
specific problems – such as sleep (Dysfunctional Attitudes and Beliefs about
Sleep; Morin, Vallières, & Ivers, 2007) or sexuality (Sexual Dysfunctional
Beliefs Questionnaire; Nobre, Gouveia, & Gomes, 2003) –, dysfunctional
attitudes are measured in a wider sense by the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale
(DAS). The 40-item DAS, as a widely accepted and applied questionnaire, was
developed by Arlene Nancy Weissman (1979) and was completed by graduates and
undergraduates. An initial, item-pool version of the DAS contained a hundred,
7-point Likert scale items in order to create two parallel forms that measure
the distinctive characteristics of depressive cognitions.
Applying principal component analysis with varimax rotation
to form the structure of the questionnaire, Weissman found ten factors but used
only one global dimension, as the aim of the study was to identify a general
vulnerability factor to depression. As a result of empirical decisions, the
DAS-A and the DAS-B comprising of 40 items and one general factor each, seemed
psychometrically relevant, of which DAS form A remained the most widely applied
version in clinical practice and depression research (e.g. Fuhr, Reitenbach,
Kraemer, Hautzinger, & Meyer 2017; Senormanci et al., 2014). Since the
DAS-A has become a common measurement tool to monitor cognitive therapeutic
processes, a considerable amount of research has been carried out in several
countries that proved the validity and reliability of the DAS in other languages
(e.g. Ohrt & Thorell, 1998; Power et al., 1994; Sahin & Sahin, 1992).
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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS:-
1) Explain the meaning of ‘behaviour’.
2) What do you understand by the term behaviour modification?
3) Describe the principles of behaviour modification. \
4) List out the advantages of behavioural approach in counseling.
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