Mulk Raj Anand’s novel portrays Indian social problems realistically. Discuss with reference to the novel Untouchable.

Reflecting the cultural turn in the social sciences and humanities more broadly, recent strains of social movement theory and research add to the largely structural concerns seen in the resource mobilization and political process theories by emphasizing the cultural and psychological aspects of social movement processes, such as collectively shared interpretations and beliefs, ideologies, values and other meanings about the world. In doing so, this general cultural approach also attempts to address the free-rider problem. One particularly successful take on some such cultural dimensions is manifested in the framing perspective on social movements.

While both resource mobilization theory and political process theory include, or at least accept, the idea that certain shared understandings of, for example, perceived unjust societal conditions must exist for mobilization to occur at all, this is not explicitly problematized within those approaches. The framing perspective has brought such shared understandings to the forefront of the attempt to understand movement creation and existence by, e.g., arguing that, in order for social movements to successfully mobilize individuals, they must develop an injustice frame. An injustice frame is a collection of ideas and symbols that illustrate both how significant the problem is as well as what the movement can do to alleviate it

"Like a picture frame, an issue frame marks off some part of the world. Like a building frame, it holds things together. It provides coherence to an array of symbols, images, and arguments, linking them through an underlying organizing idea that suggests what is essential - what consequences and values are at stake. We do not see the frame directly, but infer its presence by its characteristic expressions and language. Each frame gives the advantage to certain ways of talking and thinking, while it places others out of the picture."Ryan and Gamson 2006, In view of many social protest theory this paper tries to purview the novel Untouchable by MulkRajAnand as a social protest novel.Mass society theory argues that social movements are made up of individuals in large societies who feel insignificant or socially detached. Social movements, according to this theory, provide a sense of empowerment and belonging that the movement members would otherwise not have.Social strain theory, also known as value-added theory, proposes six factors that encourage social movement development:

1. structural conduciveness - people come to believe their society has problems

2. structural strain - people experience deprivation

3. growth and spread of a solution - a solution to the problems people are experiencing is proposed and spreads

4. precipitating factors - discontent usually requires a catalyst (often a specific event) to turn it into a social movement

5. lack of social control - the entity that is to be changed must be at least somewhat open to the change; if the social movement is quickly and powerfully repressed, it may never materialize

Mulk Raj Anand occupies a place of pride among the Indian English writers whose literary career extended to nearly four decades. He has a strange capacity for depicting realistically the sad and miserable plight of the low classes. His novels are full of sympathetic feelings about the people and places he knows from his first hand knowledge. He is a marked realist and has a profound imaginative and sensitive apprehension of the Indian society in all its ramifications. His novels are faithful documents on the contemporary social set up as it presents a real picture of the rural India. He is a lover of mankind and his novels reflect his responsibility towards society, especially those who are marginalized, oppressed, and the subalterns who suffer at the hands of the colonial masters, and the so called representatives of the upper class of the traditional Hindu society.

Mulk Raj Anand’s novel portrays Indian social problems realistically. His faithful account and realistic presentation of the prevailing orthodox Hindu society are quite valuable in bringing a positive change in the society. His major novels reveal his basic concern for the downtrodden and the characters he opts for his novels are reflections of the people from the life around him. He was an exceptional creative artist who delineated the life of poor Indians in touching and realistic manner with a tinge of political commitment and moral dedication. The novel Untouchable shows these by depicting the sufferings of Bakha. People have no sympathy for Bakha. It is only Mohammadan tongawala who shows sympathy towards him and saves the situation. He wonders why the Sahibs and Muslims don‟t mind touching them. The cruel and orthodox nature of the Hindus depicts that these are the probable reasons for conversion of a large number of low caste Hindus to Christianity. Another incident of humiliation is when Bakha goes to temple to sweep courtyard. Driven by his curiosity to know more about the caged snake god, he mounts the temple steps leading to the holy place inside the temple. He hears a loud cry, ‘polluted, polluted, polluted!’.

The crowd takes up the call of the priest, thinking that the presence of the untouchable has defiled the holy place. Bakha discovers that the priest is only trying to camouflage his indecency to Bakh‟s sister, Sohini. Sohini tells him altogether a different story. Mulk Raj Anand’s novel portrays Indian social problems realistically. The priest not only tries to molest Bakha‟s sister but also attracted the sympathy of the crowd by accusing her and her brother of having polluted him and the premises of temple. Bakha feels completely helpless and much troubled at heart. At a moment he feels a wild desire to retaliate when the thought of the pandit Kalinath‟s action comes to him but realising his helplessness, he wishes that his sister were not beautiful. The third humiliation of Bakha is heart rending. Mulk Raj Anand’s novel portrays Indian social problems realistically.  When he goes to the silversmith colony to collect food for the family a housewife becomes furious when she sees Bakha on the threshold of the house and scolds him, ‘perish and die’ as he has defiled her house. Bakha begs his apology and asks for some food that is thrown at him as if to a street dog. The way Bakha collects his chapatti thrown by a women who belongs to upper caste Hindu society is heart-shaking. Bakha returns home with only two chapattis and is in dilemma whether to explain the situation to his father.

His father accuses and calls him good for nothing scoundrel. He is hoping that his younger son Rakha might bring something good to eat from military barracks. He now takes a flashback of degrading incidents that spoilt his day. When his younger brother comes home with some food, they all start eating from the same basket. Suddenly Bakha stops eating when something sticky touches his hand and his mind feels uneasy that it might be mixed up with somebody saliva. He tells a lie to his father that he had been invited on the marriage ceremony of Ram Charan‟s sister whom he once desired to marry. But Gulabo, Ram Charan‟s mother thought it below their dignity as they belonged to washermen caste and considered themselves superior to Bakha even among the outcastes. The great catastrophe of touching occurs in the morning and poisons his whole day as the novel is based on one day’s action. Trauma and humiliation seem to ceaseless and endless for Bakha who represent outcaste Hindus subjected to untold miseries. Mulk Raj Anand’s novel portrays Indian social problems realistically.  Bakha meets Havildar Charat Singh who is a broad minded person who not only offers him tea but also presents him the hockey stick. Bakha is filled with deep gratitude for Charat Singh for his kindness and leaves the barrack in a happy mood.

On the way Bakha meets the military Babu’s two sons who want to play hockey. In a match the younger son gets hurt as a stone from Bakha’s friend, Ram Charan’s hand hit him badly on the head. Bakha gathers him in his strong arms and rushes to his home. Bakha expects that his mother would appreciate him for this kind and humanitarian act but he is surprised to see the manner in which she reciprocates his good deed. Instead of thanking him, she accuses him of defiling her house by coming there. Bakha is dejected and dismayed. He hands over the child and retreats. Bakha‟s protest against caste exploitation cannot bring any revolution to eradicate this social problem. He is an individual. He does not have favour of his own community.

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