Trace the history of colonialism in America . American colonies, also called thirteen colonies or colonial America, the 13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States. The colonies grew both geographically along the Atlantic coast and westward and numerically to 13 from the time of their founding to the American Revolution (1775–81).
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Their
settlements had spread far beyond the Appalachians and extended from Maine in
the north to the Altamaha River in Georgia when the Revolution began, and there
were at that time about 2.5 million American colonists.
The word “colonial” is preferable to the more obvious
word “provincial,” because the former is absolute, while the latter, by usage,
has become in a great measure relative. We are very apt to call an opinion, a
custom, or a neighbor “provincial,” because we do not like the person or thing
in question; and in this way the true value of the word has of late been
frittered away. But colonialism is susceptible of accurate definition. Trace the
history of colonialism in America , A
colony is an offshoot from a parent stock, and its chief characteristic is dependence.
The colonists were remarkably prolific. Economic opportunity,
especially in the form of readily available land, encouraged early marriages
and large families. Bachelors and unwed women could not live very comfortably
and were relatively few. Trace the history of colonialism in America , Widows
and widowers needed partners to maintain homes and rear children and so
remarried quickly. Accordingly, most adults were married, children were
numerous, and families containing 10 or more members were common. Despite heavy
losses as a result of disease and hardship, the colonists multiplied. Their
numbers were also greatly increased by continuing immigration from Great
Britain and from Europe west of the Elbe River.
In Britain and continental Europe the colonies were looked
upon as a land of promise. Moreover, both the homeland and the colonies
encouraged immigration, offering inducements to those who would venture beyond
the ocean.
The colonies particularly welcomed foreign Protestants. Trace the history of colonialism in America , In addition, many people were sent to America against their will—convicts, political prisoners, and enslaved Africans. The American population doubled every generation.
These groups all became part of the United States when
it gained its independence in 1776. Russian America and parts of New France and
New Spain were also incorporated into the United States at later times. Trace the
history of colonialism in America , The diverse colonists from these various
regions built colonies of distinctive social, religious, political, and
economic style.
Over time, non-British colonies
East of the Mississippi River were
taken over and most of the inhabitants were assimilated. In Nova Scotia,
however, the British expelled the French Acadians, and many relocated to
Louisiana. No civil wars occurred in the Thirteen Colonies. The two chief armed
rebellions were short-lived failures in Virginia in 1676 and in New York in
1689–91. Some of the colonies developed legalized systems of slavery, centered
largely around the Atlantic slave trade. Wars were recurrent between the French
and the British during the French and Indian Wars. By 1760, France was defeated
and its colonies were seized by Britain.
Mercantilism
Mercantilism was the basic policy imposed by Britain on its
colonies from the 1660s, which meant that the government became a partner with
merchants based in England to increase political power and private wealth. This
was done to the exclusion of other empires and even other merchants in its own
colonies. Trace the history of colonialism in America, The government protected its London-based
merchants and kept out others by trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to
domestic industries to maximize exports from the realm and minimize imports.
The
hard fighting by which we severed our connection with the mother country was in
many ways the least difficult part of the work of building up a great and
independent nation. The decision of the sword may be rude, but it is pretty sure
to be speedy.
Armed revolution is quick. Trace the history of colonialism
in America A South American, in the
exercise of his constitutional privileges, will rush into the street and
declare a revolution in five minutes. A Frenchman will pull down one government
to-day, and set up another to-morrow, besides giving new names to all the
principal streets of Paris during the intervening night.
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We English-speaking people do not move quite so fast. We come
more slowly to the boiling point; we are not fond of violent changes, and when
we make them we consume a considerable time in doing it. Still, at the best, a
revolution by force of arms is an affair of a few years. We broke with England
in 1776, we had won our victory in 1782, and by the year 1789 we had a new
national government in operation.
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