Configure John Rawls’ theory of justice
Rawls was
born and raised in Baltimore, Maryland. His father was a prominent lawyer, his
mother was a chapter president of the League of Women Voters. Configure John Rawls’ theory of justice Rawls studied at
Princeton and Cornell, where he was influenced by Wittgenstein’s student Norman
Malcolm; and at Oxford, where he worked with H. L. A. Hart, Isaiah Berlin, and
Stuart Hampshire. His first professorial appointments were at Cornell and MIT.
In 1962 Rawls joined the faculty at Harvard, where he taught for more than
thirty years. Rawls’s adult life was a scholarly one: its major events occurred
within his writings.
The
exceptions were two wars. Configure John Rawls’ theory of justice As a college student, Rawls wrote an intensely
religious senior thesis (BI) and had considered studying for the priesthood.
Yet Rawls lost his Christian faith as an infantryman in World War II on seeing
the capriciousness of death in combat and learning of the horrors of the
Holocaust. Then in the 1960s, Rawls spoke out against the draft for the Vietnam
war because it discriminated against black and poor Americans.
The Vietnam
conflict impelled Rawls to analyze the defects in the American political system
that led it to prosecute so ruthlessly what he saw as an unjust war, and to
consider how citizens could conscientiously resist their government’s
aggressive policies. Configure John Rawls’ theory of justice Rawls’s most discussed work is his theory of a just
liberal society, called justice as fairness. Rawls first set out justice as
fairness in systematic detail in his 1971 book, A Theory of Justice. Rawls
continued to rework justice as fairness throughout his life, restating the
theory in Political Liberalism (1993), The Law of Peoples (1999), and Justice
as Fairness (2001).
A Theory of
Justice is a 1971 work of political philosophy and ethics by the philosopher
John Rawls, in which the author attempts to provide a moral theory alternative
to utilitarianism and that addresses the problem of distributive justice (the
socially just distribution of goods in a society). Configure John Rawls’ theory of justice The theory uses an updated
form of Kantian philosophy and a variant form of conventional social contract
theory. Rawls's theory of justice is fully a political theory of justice as
opposed to other forms of justice discussed in other disciplines and contexts. Configure John Rawls’ theory of justice The resultant theory was challenged and refined several times in the decades
following its original publication in 1971.
A
significant reappraisal was published in the 1985 essay "Justice as
Fairness", and a subsequent book under the same title, within which Rawls
further developed his two central principles for his discussion of justice. Configure John Rawls’ theory of justice Together, they dictate that society should be structured so that the greatest
possible amount of liberty is given to its members, limited only by the notion
that the liberty of any one member shall not infringe upon that of any other member.
Secondly, inequalities – either social or economic – are only to be allowed if
the worst off will be better off than they might be under an equal distribution.
Finally, if there is such a beneficial inequality, this inequality should not
make it harder for those without resources to occupy positions of power – for
instance, public office. Configure John Rawls’ theory of justice First published in 1971, A Theory of Justice was
revised in 1975, while translated editions were being released in the 1990s it
was further revised in 1999. In 2001, Rawls published a follow-up study titled
Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. The original edition was reissued in 2004.
Criticism Faced by John Rawls Theory of Justice
John Rawls' theory of justice, as outlined in his book
"A Theory of Justice," has been widely discussed and debated in the
field of political philosophy. Despite its popularity and influence, the theory
has also faced criticism from various perspectives. Some of the main criticisms
of Rawls' theory include:
Lack of realism: Some critics have argued that Rawls' theory
is too idealistic and unrealistic, as it relies on the assumption that
individuals will act rationally and in the interest of the common good, which
is not always the case in real-world situations.
Limited scope: Some critics have argued that Rawls' theory is
too narrow in scope, as it focuses primarily on distributive justice and does
not adequately address other issues such as social and economic inequality,
environmental issues, and global justice.
Ambiguity: Some critics have pointed out that Rawls' theory
is ambiguous and open to different interpretations. The idea of the
"original position" and the "veil of ignorance" are
difficult to operationalize in practice, and the theory does not provide clear
guidance on how to apply its principles in concrete situations.
Criticism of the "original position": Some have
criticized the "original position" as a thought experiment as
unrealistic, they argued that it's impossible to imagine people would be able
to act in such a way and that the thought experiment is not a reliable way to
establish moral principles.
Criticism of the difference principle: Rawls's difference
principle has been criticized as well, some have argued that it's not clear how
the difference principle will be applied in practice and that it would lead to
a society that is too unequal.
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