French Revolution (FRENCH REVOLUTION):
Role
French Revolution
(FRENCH REVOLUTION) For the various reasons of the 70-80s of the 18th century,
there was a spirit of revolt among the citizens of France against the king and
then the erstwhile princely state. This protest was gradually moving fast.
Ultimately, in 1789 King Louis XVI had to call a meeting. The name of this
meeting was General State. This meeting had not been convened for many years.
In this, there were representatives of general classes besides the feudalists.
There was strong debate on the demands of the people in this meeting. It became
clear that people had a batch of change in the system.
The result of this batchani was that after a few days of
organizing this gathering, a procession of ordinary citizens reached the prison
called Bastil and its doors were broken. All the prisoners went
out. If the truth was true, then the citizen considered this prison as a symbol
of oppression of the people. After a few days, a group of women had gone to
besiege the King of Versailles, resulting in the king to leave for Paris.
Meanwhile, the General State began to take many revolutionary steps. Such as:
declaration of human rights, the beginning of the metric system, the conclusion
of the influence of the church, the annunciation of feudalism, the declaration
of the end of slavery, etc. There were differences among members of the General
State. Some people wanted to slow down the speed of the revolution. Some others
were nutritious to the intense revolution.
These people started to have mutual quarrels but their
leadership was in the hands of the radical revolutionaries. Later, one of his
leaders Maximilian Robespierre happened to kill thousands of people. His
one-year leadership is still called Reign of terror. This culminated in the
murder of Louis 16th and his queen herself. After the assassination of the
royal family, anger among the other kings of Europe arose, and they formed a
joint army-and started fighting against the revolutionaries. The
revolutionaries also formed an army in which the general category people were
also involved. Because of the new zeal of the revolution, the revolutionaries'
army succeeded repeatedly and its enthusiasm continued to grow. This army also
started winning lands outside of France. Meanwhile, an army commander named
Napoleon Bonaparte was very popular due to his victories. Here the people were
bored with the hardcore revolution in France. Taking advantage of it and
reducing its popularity, Napoleon occupied power and started to rule by making
a consulate. This rule continued on revolutionary principles. Napoleon
eventually gave himself the title of the emperor, and thus the monarchy
returned to France again. In this way we can say that the French Revolution was
in its peak.
Literary Theory & Criticism
Modern Era
The French Revolution
of 1789 AD was an important event of the modern era. The French Revolution was
launched against the despotic monarchy, feudal exploitation, class privileges
and rulers' apathy towards the good of the people. At that time in France, not
only was the winner of the oppressed and dissatisfied class, but there could
also be contradictions in the economic and political structure of that region. Political power was centralized The whole country's axis was the only
state. The leadership of the society was in the hands of the intellectual
class. The king was the supreme authority of the regime. The wishes of the king
were only the law of the state. People did not get any kind of civil rights.
The general public was
troubled by the injustice and atrocities of the king. Speech, writing and
publication were strictly prohibited. People were not even given religious
freedom.
The king had a
personal right on the total income of the nation. The entire income was spent
on the pleasures and pleasures of the King and Queen and the courtiers. Raja's
benefactors were appointed on higher positions in the state. There was a lack
of local self-government. The French society was divided into two pieces - one
feature-rich and the other non-functional class.
The French
Revolution's effect was universal. As a result, the autocratic rule and the feudal
system ended. The foundations of democratic governance were laid down.
Significant improvements have been made in social, economic and religious
systems.
French
Revolution Reasons
Political
reasons
i) Autocratic monarchy
The autocracy of the
monarchy was one of the main reasons for the French Revolution. The king was
the supreme authority of the regime. He used to work as his own wish. He used
to call himself a representative of God. Critics of Raja's work were put in
jail without giving reasons. The general public was devastated by the injustice
and atrocities of the king. He started trying to get rid of autocracy.
ii) Lack of Freedoms
France was very
central to governance. All the sources of governance were in the hands of the
king. Speech, writing and publication were strictly prohibited. There was a
complete lack of political freedom. People were not even religious freedom.
Habeas corpus rules were not arranged. Due to this naked disregard of justice
and freedom, the anger of the people was slowly taking the form of a
revolution.
iii) Luxury life and wealth wastage of
Rajprasad
The king had a
personal right on the total income of the nation. The entire income was spent
on the pleasures and pleasures of the King and Queen and the courtiers. The
Queen used to spend huge money in buying precious things. On one side farmers
and laborers did not get enough food, on the other hand Samant, elite and royal family used to live luxuriously.
iv) Administrative disorder
The rule of France was
stupendous and disorganized. The appointment to government posts was not on
merit. The king's benevolent officers were appointed on higher positions in the
state. There were different laws in different provinces. Due to the diversity
of law it was useless to hope for clean justice.
Social
Reasons
i) Clergy Class
TheRoman Catholic Church was primarily in
France. The church was working as an independent body. It had its own separate
organization, it was its court and the source of the money received. The church
had a fifth part of the land of the land. The annual income of the church was
about thirty million rupees. The church itself was tax free, but it had the
exclusive right to tax the people. From the immense property of the church, the
great pastors used to live the life of pleasure and luxury. They did not have
any meaning with the works of religion. They used to live completely worldly
life.
Anglo Saxon Period
ii) Elite Classes
The elite elite of the
Franks was a well-functioned and well-off class. The elites were blessed with
many privileges. They were free from the state taxes. Elite recruits
were appointed in the high positions of state, religion and army.
They used to levy taxes from farmers. They used to try to keep themselves in
the royal palace of Versailles and keep the king under their influence.
Privileges and harassment of the elites made ordinary people revolutionary.
iii) Farm Sector
The class of farmers
was the most exploited and afflicted. They had to bear the burden of tax. They
had to pay a lot of taxes to the state, churches and landlords. The farming class
wanted to improve its condition and this reform could only come through a
revolution.
iv) Working class
The condition of
laborers and artisans was extremely pathetic. Due to the industrial revolution,
the domestic industries were destroyed and the working class became unemployed.
Paris was running in search of employment in the countryside. A big gang of the
working class was ready at the time of the Revolution (French Revolution).
v) Middle class
People in the middle
class wanted to end social inequality. Because most dissatisfaction with the
rule of the middle class was in the middle class, this class was led by the
leadership of the French Revolution.
Commercial Purpose
The economic condition
of France was delayed due to foreign wars and the wastage of the palace. The
income was more than the income. The government had to borrow a loan to
complete the expenditure. In addition to the unsatisfactory tax administration,
the French's condition worsened even with the deterioration of the rulers.
Buddhist Jagran
French Revolution, Thinkers and
philosophers attracted the attention of the people towards the political and
social evils of France, and a sense of dissent, hatred and rebellion against
the then system emerged. The middle class was most affected by the views of
Montesquieu, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Montesquieu rendered the
power-separation theory of the society and governance. Voltaire attacked social
and religious miscreants. Rousseau opposed the monarchy and emphasized personal
independence. He rendered the principles of the Rational and Just Civic
Association. These writers prepared people mentally for revolution.
Dissatisfaction with
the soldiers
In the French Revolution, The French army was
also dissatisfied with the regime. As the dissatisfaction in the army spreads,
the fall of the rule becomes inevitable. The soldiers did not get the salary on
time. There was no proper arrangement for their eating and drinking. They were
given old weapons during the war. In such a situation, it was natural for the
army to produce fury.
Results of
the French Revolution
As the Result of
French Revolution- The foundation of democratic governance was laid by ending
absolutist rule. There have been significant changes in social, religious and
economic life along with the administration. The French Revolution ended the
rule of absolutist rule and interpreted the theory of popular sovereignty. The
rulers of France and other European countries before the Revolution were
absolutent. There was no legal restriction on them. The revolution shocked the
King's privileges and the divine authority theory. This revolution resulted in
the end of the feudal system. Elocution of elites has been abolished.
The farmers were freed
from feudal tax. Privileges of nobles and clergy were abolished. People were
given the right to speeches and ideas. Improve tax system for improving the
financial condition of France. The executive, the judiciary and the
administrator were separated from each other. Now the king had to work in
consultation with Parliament.
The court was
reconstituted to make justice accessible. Public education was arranged by the
government.
In France, one type of
governance was established, one form of economic rule and new system of
measurement was started. People got religious liberty. They got the right to
practice and promote any religion. The priests had to take an oath of loyalty
to the constitution. The French Revolution convinced the people that the king
is liable to the people under a contract. If the king breaks the contract, then
the people have the right to depose the king. In many countries of Europe, democracy
was established by abolishing autocracy.
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